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151.
Ben J. Williamson Claire J. Horwell 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):224-225
A link between the inhalation of respirable silicas (SiO2) and respiratory diseases such as silicosis is widely recognized. Ash from dome collapse eruptions on Montserrat has been found to contain high levels (〉20%) of silicas in the form of cristobalite, tridymite, quartz and/or amorphous silica. The toxicity of these silica polymorphs varies widely. Cristobalite and quartz (tridymite less well established) are viewed as carcinogenic to humans whereas amorphous silica generally shows a reduced biological response. In assessing the potential health effects of volcanic ash particulates it is vital to determine the types and concentration of silicas as well as their size (respirable fraction), shape and surface properties. The aim of this study is to develop methods to assess potentially toxic respirable airborne silicas in the dome collapse ash (applicable to a range of ash types) and to develop a model to predict the levels and types of respirable silicas from future eruptions. The model is being developed by comparing dome rock with related ash from a series of previous eruption events. Mineralogical assessment using conventional scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD) was hampered by difficulties in differentiating characteristic peaks for cristobalite and tridymite in complex multi-component ash samples (containing high levels of plagioclase). These difficulties have been largely overcome using an Enraf-Nonius PDS120 diffractometer with curved (120 degrees 20) position sensitive detector (PSD). The determination of size, shape and elemental characteristics of ash particulate and dome rock samples has been carried out using automated analytical scanning electron microscopy. The quantification of mineral proportions using PSD-XRD was highly successful with an accuracy of 1 to 2 wt%. However, the determination of phase proportions using automated analytical SEM was problematic due to scattering effects and the multiphase nature of many of the particles. 相似文献
152.
Structural changes during dehydration and subsequent decomposition in thaumasite Ca3Si(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6·12 H2O were studied by in situ synchrotron powder diffraction between 303 and 1,098 K. Evolution of the crystal structure was observed through 28 structure refinements, by full profile Rietveld analysis performed in the P63 space group, between 300 and 417 K, whereupon the thaumasite structure was observed to breakdown. Within this temperature range, the cell parameters of thaumasite increased as a function of temperature in a nearly linear fashion up to about 393 K, at which temperature, a slight slope change was observed. Above 400 K, the thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the dehydration process proceeded very rapidly while the refined occupancy of water molecules dropped below a critical level, leading to instability in the thaumasite structure. At a same time, a remarkable change in the unit cell parameters occurring at about 417 K indicated that the crystal structure of thaumasite collapsed on losing the crystallization water and it turned amorphous. This result indicated that the dehydration/decomposition of thaumasite was induced by the departure of the crystallization water. At about 950 K, anhydrite and cristobalite crystallized from the thaumasite glass. 相似文献
153.
C. Albarrán-Liso M. M. Jordán-Vidal T. Sanfeliu-Montolio M. J. Liso-Rubio 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(7):1043-1050
The necessity of eliminating debris from a granite quarry has awakened an interest in applications of by-products, called
“marginal arids”, in different fields, like construction and foundations for roadways, restoration, material for the manufacture
of artificial rocks, and artesian products etc. Conclusions obtained from the results of tests carried out by X-ray diffraction
of granite quarry by-products in Extremadura, Spain, submitted to different treatments, are established. Test pieces from
two quarries are analyzed and compared generally and specifically, for commercial use. Finally, conclusions relating to essays
in test pieces and mineral dynamics of marginal arid granite are exposed. 相似文献
154.
M. Pistorino F. Nestola T. Boffa Ballaran M. C. Domeneghetti 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(8-9):593-600
The unit-cell parameters of two columbite samples along the (Fe,Mn)Nb2O6 solid solution were measured by means of high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction up to pressures of 7 GPa. The compressional behaviour of these minerals was studied as a function of composition and degree of order. The P–V data of all the samples were fitted with a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. For the two samples with different compositions but identical degree of order the substitution of Mn for Fe causes a decrease of the bulk modulus K
T0, from 153(1) to 146(1) GPa, without any effect on the pressure first derivative K′. For the two samples with the same composition, cation ordering causes an increase of the bulk modulus from 149(1) to 153(1) GPa and of the pressure first derivative from 4.1(2) to 4.8(3). The compressional behaviour is anisotropic with a linear axial compressibility scheme β
b
> β
c
≥ β
a
for all samples, regardless of composition and degree of order. Such anisotropy increases sligthly with increasing Mn content. 相似文献
155.
A geochronological approach to understanding the role of solar activity on Holocene glacier length variability in the Swiss Alps 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anne Hormes Jürg Beer Christian Schlüchter 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2006,88(4):281-294
We present a radiocarbon data set of 71 samples of wood and peat material that melted out or sheared out from underneath eight presentday mid‐latitude glaciers in the Central Swiss Alps. Results indicated that in the past several glaciers have been repeatedly less extensive than they were in the 1990s. The periods when glaciers had a smaller volume and shorter length persisted between 320 and 2500 years. This data set provides greater insight into glacier variability than previously possible, especially for the early and middle Holocene. The radiocarbon‐dated periods defined with less extensive glaciers coincide with periods of reduced radio‐production, pointing to a connection between solar activity and glacier melting processes. Measured long‐term series of glacier length variations show significant correlation with the total solar irradiance. Incoming solar irradiance and changing albedo can account for a direct forcing of the glacier mass balances. Long‐term investigations of atmospheric processes that are in interaction with changing solar activity are needed in order to understand the feedback mechanisms with glacier mass balances. 相似文献
156.
Daily zenith scattered light intensity observations were carried out in the morning twilight hours using home-made UV-visible
spectrometer over the tropical station Pune (18‡31′, 73‡51′) for the years 2000–2003. These observations are obtained in the
spectral range 462–498 nm for the solar zenith angles (SZAs) varying from 87‡ to 91.5‡. An algorithm has been developed to
retrieve vertical profiles of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from ground-based measurements using the Chahine iteration method. This retrieval method has been checked using measured
and recalculated slant column densities (SCDs) and they are found to be well matching. O3 and NO2 vertical profiles have been retrieved using a set of their air mass factors (AMFs) and SCDs measured over a range of 87–91.5‡
SZA during the morning. The vertical profiles obtained by this method are compared with Umkehr profiles and ozonesondes and
they are found to be in good agreement. The bulk of the column density is found near layer 20–25 km. Daily total column densities
(TCDs) of O3 and NO2 along with their stratospheric and tropospheric counterparts are derived using their vertical profiles for the period 2000–2003.
The total column, stratospheric column and tropospheric column amounts of both trace gases are found to be maximum in summer
and minimum in the winter season. Increasing trend is found in column density of NO2 in stratospheric, tropospheric and surface layers, but no trend is observed in O3 columns for above layers during the period 2000–2003 相似文献
157.
概述了深空测控网的基本技术要求,总结了我国卫星测控网和国内现有射电观测设施的技术、组成和分布,分析和论述了将我国现有的测控设施建设成深空测控网的具体方案。 相似文献
158.
159.
阐述了关于微量相X射线衍射定量分析的一种简便方法———近似线性关系法,它适用于二相体系(或基体吸收系数基本恒定的多相体系)材料中微量相的定量分析。该方法不需要在待测样品中加入参考物相,分析时仅需对一条衍射线进行测定,因而分析时间很短,其测定结果与实际含量的相对误差为-10.2%~ 21.4%,与外标法和内标法的测量结果的精度相当。 相似文献
160.
理学3080E3型X射线荧光光谱仪维修实例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
介绍理学3080E3型X射线荧光光谱仪样品驱动单元及高压发生器部分的故障现象及维修实例。 相似文献