Using time‐domain reflectometry to characterize shallow solute transport in an oak woodland hillslope in northern California,USA

The natural heterogeneity of water and solute movement in hillslope soils makes it difficult to accurately characterize the transport of surface‐applied pollutants without first gathering spatially distributed hydrological data. This study examined the application of time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure solute transport in hillslopes. Three different plot designs were used to examine the transport of a conservative tracer in the first 50 cm of a moderately sloping soil. In the first plot, which was designed to examine spatial variability in vertical transport in a 1·2 m² plot, a single probe per meter was found to adequately characterize vertical solute travel times. In addition, a dye and excavation study in this plot revealed lateral preferential flow in small macropores and a transport pattern where solute is focused vertically into preferential flow pathways. The bypass flow delivers solute deeper in the soil, where lateral flow occurs. The second plot, designed to capture both vertical and lateral flow, provided additional evidence confirming the flow patterns identified in the excavation of the first plot. The third plot was designed to examine lateral flow and once again preferential flow of the tracer was observed. In one instance rapid solute transport in this plot was estimated to occur in as little as 3% of the available pore space. Finally, it was demonstrated that the soil anisotropy, although partially responsible for lateral subsurface transport, may also homogenize the transport response across the hillslope by decreasing vertical solute spreading. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维太阳光谱观测方法和技术

经典的太阳光谱观测是一维的，它有很大的局限性。从５０年代起，天文工作者采用多种方法开展二维太阳光谱观测，已经研制出一系列仪器，建立完整的资料归算程序，取得优良成果。在二维观测资料的基础上，用理论方法推出深度分布，可以得出三维的立体图像，这会成为太阳研究的主要方法之一。     

Magnetic flux separation in photospheric convection

Three-dimensional non-linear magnetoconvection in a strongly stratified compressible layer exhibits different patterns as the strength of the imposed magnetic field is reduced. There is a transition from a magnetically dominated regime, with small-scale convection in slender hexagonal cells, to a convectively dominated regime, with clusters of broad rising plumes that confine the magnetic flux to narrow lanes where fields are locally intense. Both patterns can coexist for intermediate field strengths, giving rise to flux separation: clumps of vigorously convecting plumes, from which magnetic flux has been excluded, are segregated from regions with strong fields and small-scale convection. A systematic numerical investigation of these different states shows that flux separation can occur over a significant parameter range and that there is also hysteresis. The results are related to the fine structure of magnetic fields in sunspots and in the quiet Sun.     

几个河外射电源第二历元的327MHz VLBI观测

１９９１年３月，我们利用上海２５ｍ射电望远镜和欧洲ＶＬＢＩ网联合对几个河外射电源进行了第二历元的３２７ＭＨｚＶＬＢＩ观测．数据的相关处理先后在上海天文台三台站ＭＫ２相关处理机和美国的Ｃａｌｔｅｃｈ／ＪＰＬ相关处理机进行，以便于比较相关结果。本文给出３Ｃ８４、３Ｃ３４５和３Ｃ３８０的混合图。与第一历元的观测比较，３Ｃ３４５和３Ｃ３８０的流量密度没有明显的变化，但３Ｃ３４５的结构变化明显。３Ｃ８４和３Ｃ３４５有喷流的迹象．３Ｃ４５４．３的总流量在不到两年的时间内增加了２５％，如果这个变化是内禀的话，那么可能意味着一次新的流量爆发。     

Holocene environmental reconstruction from deltaic deposits in northeast Greenland

Terraces of different age in the Zackenberg delta, located at 74°N in northeast Greenland, have provided the opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to the investigation of Holocene glacial, periglacial, pedological, biological and archaeological conditions that existed during and after delta deposition. The raised Zackenberg delta accumulated mainly during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, starting slightly prior to 9500 cal. yr BP (30 m a.s.l.) and continued until at least 6300 cal. yr BP (0.5 m a.s.l.). Evidence of sea‐level change is based on conventional ¹⁴C dates of shells from the marine delta bottomsets, ¹⁴C AMS dating of macroscopic plant material from the foresets and of fluvial deposits. Arthropod and plant remains from 7960 cal. yr BP in the delta foresets include the oldest evidence of the arctic hare in Greenland and evidence of a rich herb flora slightly different from the modern flora. Empetrum nigrum and Salix herbacea remains indicate a summer temperature at least as high as today during delta deposition. Post‐depositional nivation activity, dated by luminescence, lichenometry and Schmidt Hammer measurements indicate mainly late Holocene activity, at least since 2900 yr BP, including Little Ice Age (LIA) avalanche activity. Pedological analyses of fossil podsols in the Zackenberg delta, including ¹⁴C AMS dating of selected organic rich B‐horizons, show continued podsol development during the Holocene Climatic Optimum and into the subsequent colder period of the late Holocene, until 3000–2400 yr BP. A Neo‐Eskimo house ruin found on the lower part of the delta, presently being eroded by the sea, is dated to AD 1800. It presumably was abandoned prior to AD 1869, and suggests that some of the last Eskimos that lived in northeast Greenland might have occupied the Zackenberg delta. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强质子耀斑活动区的形态和旋转特征

本文研究结果表明：同一黑子群在日面期间的顺或反时针方向的旋转运动会先后并存．质子耀斑前1～2无，黑子群的旋转角速度达到极大．耀斑后，磁绳的松弛，黑子群可能会反向旋转，强的剪切过程和质子耀斑可能会再度出现．强质子耀斑活动区的共同特征是：（1）形态为单个团状结构δ型黑子，即众多异极性本影核紧锁在同一黑子半影中；（2）黑子面积＞1000×10－6半球面积，日面跨度＞10°；（3）黑子群都有快速的旋转运动．这类活动区，如果在日面西部活动性明显地增强，那么这个活动区在未来转到日面边缘及其背后、或再次从日面东边缘转出时，定能再次爆发耀斑和伴随较强质子事件。     

Harmonic Structures of Gyrosynchrotron Radiation and Cyclotron Maser Instability

1 INTRODUCTIONSolar microwave bursts are usually produced by dtherellt radiation mechanisxns: gyroresonance absorption, Coulomb brernsstrahlung of the thermal baCkground plasma, as well asgyrosynchrotron radiation of the nonihermal electrons (Hildebrandt et al. 1998). Meanwhile,cyclotron or synchrotron maser instabilities may be responsible for microwave spaaes, blips, andtype ill bursts (Wu 1985; Huang 1987; Huang et al. 1996; Huang 1998), which are usuajly superposed on the ambient mi…     

解决太阳横向磁场方向测定中180°不确定性的一个方法

本文提出了一种解决太阳横向磁场方向测定中１８０°不确定性的方法。该方法首先将Ｇａｒｙ等提出的方法定量化，客观地确定每一点的横场方向；然后由独立的Ｈ＿α观测或磁场演化历史，分析和确定磁力线的拓扑联接性，对客观确定的横场方向做经验修正。对活动区的应用表明，该方法是一个可供选择的解决横场方向不确定性的有效方法。     

AR5395及AR6659的贮能释能周期性

本文分析了了AR5395和AR6659的X射线耀斑活动周期性，耀斑强度周期的存在表明活动区的能量积累和释放过程具有可重复性，包括贮存的能量大小也具可重复性，计算得出AR5395的耀风强度周期为24．49小时，而AR6659的周期为57．39小时，耀斑指数按周期的分布证明在一个贮能周期中活动区贮存的能量大致相同，周期内的平均耀斑指数代表能量积累效率，AR6659较之AR5395有较长的能量积累周期和较高的能量积累效率．此外，本文还讨论了耀斑事件出现的周期．这种周期的长短代表活动区磁结构对于耀斑出现的稳定程度，并且，当活动区处于较高能量状态（即相对势场状态的偏离较大）时，出现耀斑不稳定性的可能性增加。     

绝热非径向太阳振动的数值计算方法

本文采用改进后的平行Shooting方法，即连续正交归一化方法，通过增加系统的秩和把微分方程从线性变成非线性的方法，使得病态方程变成非病态方程，克服了平行Shooting方法（不连续正交归一化方法）的主要困难：一是选择径向网格点数目的问题，如果被检验振动模的径向节点数大或小，所需要的网格点数则多或少；二是在远离阈值的时候，尚未有合适的方法提高计算精度的问题．数值计算出了标准太阳模型的绝热非径向太阳振动的理论本征频率谱．从数值计算的结果发现改进后的平行Shooting方法比线性化的Henyey方法和平行Shooting方法收敛性更好且精度更高．其误差可以达到1％的精度．