海洋测绘国际标准S-100的空间模式

S-100——《通用海洋测绘数据模型》是IHO颁布的海洋测绘最新国际标准,其中的空间模式是描述几何类型及其相互关系的框架,在描述、存储、应用海洋测绘地理空间数据方面起着基础和关键性作用。从拓扑学的角度对S-100空间模式的几何构造理论进行了总结,对几何类型的基本框架、继承关系、用途和构造方法进行了分析,将其与现行国内外标准的空间模式进行了对比,进而得出它具有数学严密性、灵活性和可扩展性等优点,同时也发现了一个类型继承错误以及无法描述线群和面群的不足。     

基于有理函数模型的线阵CCD遥感影像水平纠正技术

利用有理函数模型替代严格传感器模型已经成为当前高分辨率遥感影像通用的数据标准.对于附加有理函数模型系数的线阵CCD遥感影像,提出了一种利用反解有理函数模型实现倾斜像片与水平像片转换方法.其主要原理同传统框幅式倾斜影像与水平影像的转换相似:将倾斜像片上像点投影到物方水平面上;然后在物方水平面上根据原始倾斜像片的地面采样间...     

OSL测年中CGC法求D_e均值的计算方法之比较分析

光释光测年中等效剂量是计算样品埋藏年龄的一个重要参数,一般通过求多个实验测量值的均值得出。标准生长曲线法是求等效剂量的一种常用且有效的方法,分析讨论了此法计算的等效剂量存在小幅度的系统性的偏大及其原因,提出了改进的方法;展望了CGC法求De均值更优的估计——极大似然估计。     

DEM与地形分析的并行计算

总结了数字高程模型构建、特征提取等并行算法的研究进展,概述了不同并行算法的主要内容;探讨了DTA并行技术在海量地形数据可视化和高性能地学计算的应用,随着DEM的需求日益增大,高精度、高分辨率DEM产品及其附加服务也逐步产品化。最后,通过分析并行计算发展的关键问题,提出DTA并行技术的研究趋势及研究意义,合适的数据划分和结果融合策略、通用并行算法、容错机制和负载均衡策略的设计是今后研究的重要内容,尤其是如何在多种计算模式共同发展的背景下利用并行计算解决地学难题,从而得到更接近现实世界地理环境的模拟,并扩大数字地形分析的应用范围。     

Novel particle method for modelling the episodic collapse of soft coastal bluffs

This paper presents a new, novel, particle-based Bluff Morphology Model (BMM), and with it investigates the stability, collapse, and equilibrium position of soft coastal bluffs (cliffs). This model combines a multiple wedge displacement method with an adapted Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method. At first, the wedge method is applied to compute the stability of the bluff. Once the critical failure mechanism of the bluff slope has been identified, and if the factor of safety for the mechanism is less than 1, the adapted WCSPH method is used to predict the failure movement and residual shape of the slope. The model is validated against benchmark test cases of bluff stability for purely frictional, purely cohesive, and mixed strength bluff materials including 2D static water tables. The model predictions give a good correlation with the expected values, with medium resolution models producing errors of typically less than 2.0%. In addition, the prediction of lateral movement of a surveyed cliff and the dynamic collapse of a vertical bluff are computed, and compare well with published literature.     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

浅议基于像素工厂的ADS 80影像处理技术

摄影测量进入数字时代以来,ADS80因其独特的优势逐步成为航摄影像获取的主流平台,对ADS80数据后续快速处理也成为目前数据处理软件研究的重点。本文介绍了基于像素工厂系统快速处理ADS80数据的技术流程和数据处理的主要技术环节,总结了像素工厂系统数据处理的优劣势。通过实际项目实践,验证了基于像素工厂系统处理ADS80数据的可靠性与高效性。     

使用最简几何基元构建3维空间数据模型

在对现实世界进行高度抽象化的表达过程中,许多学者和机构提出了多种空间数据模型（或称之为空间数据结构）。文章首先总结了现有模型所使用的基本几何要素,并对其利弊进行了讨论：然后总结了使用这些几何要素进行组合、扩展以构建更为复杂的空间实体的理论即空间数据建模理论,同时也对不同理论的通用性和局限性进行了讨论。笔者随后以4维空间为基础．从空间内嵌的角度去思考不同维度下的空间构成．得出了3维空间的最简基本要索,并通过对比相关文献对geometricprimitives的中文翻译将其命名为“几何基元”。在此基础上笔者探讨了3维几何基元构成空间实体的数学表达本质．沦述了依此几何基元构成的空间实体之间基本拓扑关系的表达方法。最后笔者设计了一套数据结构以系统构建空间数据模型,该模型有利于实现3维空间数据库．可为形成3维数据资产提供蘑础。本文的结论认为,该3维空间数据模型可以有效地解决体3维和表面3维的模型一致性问题,提供了结合“地学3维”和“3维数字城市”等不同应刚系统的途径：同时可将当前的2维地理信息系统自然地扩展到3维：另外还可以为3维空间分析和专门的3维渲染引擎提供理论支持。     

Present-day climatology and projected changes of warm and cold days in the CNRM-CM3 global climate model

The impact of global warming on the warmest and coldest days of the annual cycle is explored according to an A2 scenario simulated by the CNRM-CM3 climate model in the framework of the IPCC AR4 intercomparison. Given the multi-model spread in IPCC projections, a validation strategy is proposed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Validation of the late twentieth century model climatology shows that warm and cold model events are slightly too long and infrequent. Although interannual trends in the warm (cold) day occurrence were positive (negative) only for six (three) of the nine considered sub-continental regions, simulated model trends are always positive (negative). This different behaviour suggests that simulated non-anthropogenic decadal variability is small relative to anthropogenic trends. Large-scale synoptic processes associated with European regional warm and cold peaks are also described and validated. Regional cold peaks are better reproduced than warm peaks, whose intensity accuracy is limited by other physical variables. Positive (negative) winter anomalies of sea and land surface temperature lead to summers with severe (weak) temperatures. These inter-annual anomalies are generated by a persistent pressure dipole over Europe. Regarding climate change, warm (cold) events will become more (less) frequent and longer (shorter). The number of warm days will largely rise and the number of cold days will dramatically decrease. The intensity of warm days will be particularly pronounced over Europe, given the projected summer drying in this region. However, according to the limited skill of the CNRM model, these results must be considered with caution.