成渝产业带主要城市空间关系研究

城市空间关系是指城市与城市空间相互作用关系,它的复杂程度是区域城市群体集聚效益的重要标志之一。通过对成渝产业带主要城市空间相互作用强度进行测算,分析了产业带内主要城市空间关系,提出了产业带内主要城市空间关系协调发展的思路。     

粒子散射系数在沙尘天气观测分级中的初步分析

利用2004年4月20日至5月23日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站浊度计和能见度仪逐日每5 min一次的加密观测资料及相应的地面气象常规沙尘观测记录,根据中国气象局沙尘暴观测分级标准分析了粒子散射系数在各级沙尘天气中的特征,表明浊度计观测的粒子散射系数在沙尘天气观测分级标准中有较明确的意义,沙尘天气时粒子散射系数与能见度为显著指数关系。     

兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度特征比较

选择兰州市典型沙尘天气和非沙尘天气收集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明：两种类型降尘粒度特征差别明显。总体上看沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘都以粉砂为主,但沙尘天气降尘粒度比非沙尘天气降尘偏粗,分选更差。非沙尘天气降尘粒度频率曲线呈双峰态分布。而沙尘天气降尘则呈单峰正偏态分布特征,说明沙尘天气沉降物来源比较单一。沙尘天气和非沙尘天气降尘的粒度分布曲线与兰州黄土的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。而它们粒度参数之间的差异可能与降尘堆积物的粘土化过程有关。     

青藏高原沙尘天气的遥感研究

由于分布在青藏高原上的气象观测站点稀少,难以对沙尘天气进行充分的地面观测。通过对近年来的5次沙尘天气进行遥感识别,分析了青藏高原沙尘天气过程、影响范围和沙尘来源。结果表明,青藏高原在冬春季存在明显沙尘天气,主要分布在藏北高原、藏南谷地和青海高原地区,这与高原大风对地面的风蚀有密切关系。卫星遥感作为一种重要的观测手段,提供了对高原沙尘天气的有效观测。     

昆明城市居民的游憩活动空间研究

以昆明市为案例地,通过问卷调查,从城市居民的游憩空间及相关影响因素分析了城市居民游憩空间的一般规律,建立了昆明城市居民的游憩空间模型,提出了城市游憩设施与规划建议.研究表明,昆明城市居民主要的游憩空间是近中距离的游憩度假地;可以划分为主要游憩空间和辅助性游憩空间;昆明城市居民的经济属性、年龄属性与居民的游憩活动空间具有相关性.     

云南气象灾害特征及成因分析

用1950~1999年气象灾害资料,分析云南气象灾害的主要特征,具有种类多、频率高、重叠交错;分布广、季节性、区域性突出;成灾面积小、累积损失大的特征。指出地理环境、气候、人类活动是形成云南气象灾害的主要原因。特殊的低纬高原、邻近热带海洋、地形地貌复杂、山高坡陡、植被少、降雨集中、地质构造复杂、断裂活动强烈是形成云南气象灾害的地理环境因素。季风强弱与冬夏大气环流差异是决定云南气象灾害的主要气候背景。人口剧增,垦植过度,滥伐森林,水土流失严重指出是加剧云南气象灾害频繁发生和损失严重的主要人为因素,提出了云南气象灾害的防灾减灾对策。     

淖毛湖地区与我国北方沙尘暴天气的关系

新疆淖毛湖气象站位于东天山与阿尔泰山之间的峡谷盆地中,多大风和沙尘天气。淖毛湖站与周边邻近站相比,对下游沙尘暴天气监测预警有明显的指示意义。作者在分析了2000年春季淖毛湖地区与我国北方地区沙尘暴天气的关系后认为:处于西北冷空气路径咽喉要道的淖毛湖地区与我国西北中部及内蒙古中西部地区的沙尘暴天气不但有极高的相关关系,而且有明显的先兆反映。其中,淖毛湖地区大风、沙尘暴等天气现象,淖毛湖气象站日最大风速、风速风向的时间变化是预报西北中部、内蒙古中西部等地区沙尘暴天气的重要参考指标。淖毛湖气象站的大风、沙尘等天气与下游地区的沙尘暴天气有较好的对应关系。西北路径冷空气必经之地的淖毛湖,其日最大风速和风向的时间变化,可作为预测我国西北中部、东部和内蒙古中西部等地区沙尘暴天气的指标。事实说明,淖毛湖气象站是监测和预测我国下游地区沙尘暴天气较为理想的上游指标站。     

Crustal deformation in the northern Andes – A new GPS velocity field

We present a velocity field for northwestern South America and the southwest Caribbean based on GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations in Colombia, Panama, Ecuador and Venezuela. This paper presents the first comprehensive model of North Andean block (NAB) motion. We estimate that the NAB is moving to the northeast (060°) at a rate of 8.6 mm/yr relative to the South America plate. The NAB vector can be resolved into a margin-parallel (035°) component of 8.1 mm/yr rigid block motion and a margin-normal (125°) component of 4.3 mm/yr. This present-day margin-normal shortening rate across the Eastern Cordillera (EC) of Colombia is surprising in view of paleobotanical, fission-track, and seismic reflection data that suggest rapid uplift (7 km) and shortening (120 km) in the last 10 Ma. We propose a “broken indenter” model for the Panama-Choco arc, in which the Choco arc has been recently accreted to the NAB, resulting in a rapid decrease in shortening in the EC. The Panama arc is colliding eastward with the NAB at approximately 15–18 mm/yr, and the Panama-Choco collision may have been responsible for much of the uplift of the EC. The present on-going collision poses a major earthquake hazard in northwestern Colombia from the Panama border to Medellin area. Since the northeastward margin-parallel motion of the NAB is now greater than the rate of shortening in the EC, northeast trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting is the primary seismic hazard for the 8 million inhabitants of Bogota, the capital city of Colombia. There continues to be a high risk of a great megathrust earthquakes in southern Colombia along the Ecuador-Colombia trench. Trench earthquakes have only released a fraction of the energy accumulated in the Ecuador-Colombia trench since the 1906 Ecuador earthquake, and interseismic strain is accumulating rapidly at least as far north as Tumaco, the rupture area of the 1979 earthquake.     

黄河下游河相关系与平滩流量特征关系的随机演化模拟

Extreme weather is an important noise factor in affecting dynamic access to river morphology information.The response characteristics of river channel on climate disturbances draw us to develop a method to investigate the dynamic evolution of bankfull channel geometries(including the hydraulic geometry variables and bankfull discharges)with stochastic differential equations in this study.Three different forms of random inputs,including single Gaussian white noise and compound Gaussian/Fractional white noise plus Poisson noise,are explored respectively on the basis of the classical deterministic models.The model parameters are consistently estimated by applying a composite nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)method.Results of the model application in the Lower Yellow River reveal the potential responses of bankfull channel geometries to climate disturbances in a probabilistic way,and,the calculated average trends mainly run to synchronize with the measured values.Comparisons among the three models confirm the advantage of Fractional jump-diffusion model,and through further discussion,stream power based on such a model is concluded as a better systematic measure of river dynamics.The proposed method helps to offer an effective tool for analyzing fluvial relationships and improves the ability of crisis management of river system under varying environment conditions.     

Short‐term flood inundation prediction using hydrologic‐hydraulic models forced with downscaled rainfall from global NWP

A short‐term flood inundation prediction model has been formulated based on the combination of the super‐tank model, forced with downscaled rainfall from a global numerical weather prediction model, and a one‐dimensional (1D) hydraulic model. Different statistical methods for downscaled rainfall have been explored, taking into account the availability of historical data. It has been found that the full implementation of a statistical downscaling model considering physically‐based corrections to the numerical weather prediction model output for rainfall prediction performs better compared with an altitudinal correction method. The integration of the super‐tank model into the 1D hydraulic model demonstrates a minimal requirement for the calibration of rainfall–runoff and flood propagation models. Updating the model with antecedent rainfall and regular forecast renewal has enhanced the model's capabilities as a result of the data assimilation processes of the runoff and numerical weather prediction models. The results show that the predicted water levels demonstrate acceptable agreement with those measured by stream gauges and comparable to those reproduced using the actual rainfall. Moreover, the predicted flood inundation depth and extent exhibit reasonably similar tendencies to those observed in the field. However, large uncertainties are observed in the prediction results in lower, flat portions of the river basin where the hydraulic conditions are not properly analysed by the 1D flood propagation model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.