Growth and survival of early juvenile trumulco snail Chorus giganteus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) fed two prey species

Comparative data were obtained on the growth and survival of early juveniles of the trumulco snail Chorus giganteus from settlement to an age of 4 months when fed either of the mussel species Semimytilus algosus or Perumytilus purpuratus. Growth of the snails after 4 months was significantly greater when fed S. algosus, ending with a mean size of 6162 μm compared with 5192 μm with P. purpuratus. Survival between the two fed groups was not prey‐specific. Survival of the unfed control group was significantly lower beginning at 14 days post‐metamorphosis. After 63 days, survival within the fed groups was 63.2% and only 16.5% in the unfed control group. The similarity of growth and survival of these juveniles during the first 2 months in culture suggested that both prey species had the same food value. The energy cost to the snails of penetrating the different prey species diverged after the second month, as the shells of P. purpuratus became thicker and thus more difficult to penetrate than those of S. algosus. This was reflected as differences in growth rates for snails fed the 2 species in the following 2 months of the experiment. Unfed snails grew by 107 μm in average during the first 2 weeks of the experiment and then ceased demonstrating the importance of nutritional reserves carried by the larva from hatching through early benthic survival.     

Evaluation of the "time factor" and "light factor" methods for estimating daily phytoplankton production at the sea surface

Daily phytoplankton production was estimated at the sea surface in the southern Benguela Current during January, March, April and October 1978 by different methods of calculation. Actual daily production (P_{24 meas}) was obtained from a series of short-term (3—4 h) incubations spanning 24 hours. Daily production was also extrapolated from single measurements during daylight by the "time factor" and "light factor" methods of calculation. These estimates (P_{24 calc}) vary considerably from P_{24 meas}, but on average they underestimate daily production. Estimates by the "light factor" method are generally lower and more variable than those from the "time factor" method. Differences in amplitude and timing of fluctuations in the rate of net production during daylight make it impossible to calculate reliable factors for correcting diel variations in photosynthesis when estimating daily production from short-term measurements. It is suggested that the effects of diel variation in production are likely to be less significant in the euphotic zone as a whole than at the sea surface alone.     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)体重、存活性状的遗传参数和基因型与环境互作效应

利用7个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计构建家系,建立育种基础群体,估计体重、存活性状的遗传参数和基因型与环境互作效应(genotype by environment interactions,G×E)。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾基础群体体重和存活性状的遗传力估计值范围分别在(0.19±0.09)—(0.43±0.09),(0.27±0.04)—(0.45±0.06),均属于中高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P<0.05)。Z-score检验表明,体重和存活性状遗传力估计值在河北黄骅(HBHH)和青岛鳌山(QBAS)两个测试场间差异均不显著。体重和存活性状的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.007和0.008,表现为低度线性负相关。对于体重和存活性状,HBHH和QBAS场间的遗传相关分别为0.83±0.04和0.40±0.11。体重性状的G×E效应不显著(K<0.5),但存活性状存在显著的G×E效应(K>0.5)。上述结果显示,凡纳滨对虾基础群体体重和存活性状的遗传变异丰富,多代选择可获得较大的遗传进展。     

盐度对珠母贝幼虫和稚贝存活和生长的影响

为了解珠母贝早期发育阶段最适存活和生长条件,于2013年5—6月在珍珠贝养殖场进行不同海水盐度对珠母贝直线铰合期幼虫、壳顶期幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响实验。结果表明：珠母贝直线铰合期幼虫存活适宜盐度为2285—3886,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为2043—4123,最适盐度为3110;壳顶期幼虫存活适宜盐度为2310-3914,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为2029—4009,最适盐度为3110·3502;稚贝存活适宜盐度为2064—3910,最适盐度为2719—3502,壳长增长的适宜盐度为1938—4130,最适盐度为2719—3110。     

“智慧地图”体系构建研究

随着“智慧地球”“智慧城市”的发展,以及人类科学技术和对自然认识水平的提高,传统的空间信息显示与简单的数据存储、管理已不能满足我们对空间认知的需求,空间信息获取的广泛性、时效性、便捷性以及地图服务的智能化与人性化已经成为当前地图行业需求热点.同时,物联网、云计算等新兴信息技术的迅速发展所引爆的第三代信息革命为现代地图学的发展带来了新的契机.本文以地图学历史发展为主线,系统梳理“地图”的相关概念、内涵及技术理论,并结合当前经济、社会及技术背景,重新整合地图的发展需求、内涵及技术体系,提出一种全新的“智慧地图”概念,为现代地图学及数字地图技术的发展提供一种新的视角与理论方法框架.     

基于SLEUTH模型的城市空间增长模拟研究--以焦作市为例

利用1988,1992,2001,2008年4个时相的遥感影像和GIS技术获取历史数据,采用SLEUTH模型,对焦作市未来城市空间演变进行研究。结果显示：SLEUTH模型重现了焦作市1988~2008年城市空间演变形态,模拟结果与实际情况比较吻合,充分证明SLEUTH模型具有普适性,通过校正能较好地描述城市增长的自然规律;预测模拟了2009~2020年城市空间增长,城市扩展趋势是新扩展中心出现边缘式扩展,向周围地区蔓延,在交通轴线连接下,形成组团式布局。研究结果为研究区城市发展及政府制定规划提供了科学决策依据。     

垂直应变的研究意义及模型分析

近20多年来国内垂直应变领域一直无人涉及.垂直应变量的获取可将应变固体潮从平面应变观测提升到三维空间应变观测.本文说明了垂直应变观测的必要性,建立了垂直应变观测系统的原始模型,并提出了研制的难点和理论上的解决方法.     

盐度对褐毛鲿胚胎发育和早期仔鱼存活率的影响

为了探索褐毛鲿(Megalonibea fusca)胚胎孵化和早期仔鱼生长发育最适宜的盐度条件,作者观察了其胚胎在6个盐度(35、30、25、20、15、10)海水中沉浮性、发育、初孵仔鱼分布状态.结果表明:胚胎在盐度35时完全上浮,盐度低于25完全下沉,在盐度30时处于半悬浮状态;不同盐度对胚胎发育有一定影响:在盐度30~15范围内,胚胎发育较快,孵化时间较为一致,在盐度35和10发育变慢,孵化时间延长2.5 h以上;初孵仔鱼在不同盐度海水中呈不同分布状态:在盐度35时完全上浮表层,盐度25~30分布于中下层至中上层,盐度25大部分仔鱼沉底,盐度低于20,初孵仔鱼全部沉底.观察了10个盐度(35、32、29、26、23、20、17、14、11、8)海水中胚胎孵化率和早期仔鱼存活率,结果表明:褐毛鲿胚胎在盐度35~8范围内孵化率达(76±2)%~(98±2)%,在较低盐度26~11区间,孵化率达(88±0)%~(98±2)%,显示低盐区更高的孵化率,而在较高盐度29~35区间,孵化率在(82±2)%~(84±2)%,并且具有明显趋向性,即盐度大于29,随盐度升高孵化率逐渐下降;盐度对早期仔鱼存活率有明显影响:孵化后40 h 正常仔鱼最高存活率在低盐度26~8区,为(89.4±2.2)%~(97.4±0.1)%,盐度大于29,随着盐度上升仔鱼死亡率骤然升高,在盐度29~35,升至(31.7±0.7)%~(38.1±1.5)%,畸形率升至(7.1±0.2)%~(10.7±0.5)%,正常仔鱼存活率下降至(61.0±1.0)%~(61.9±1.5)%.低盐度区仔鱼有更高的存活率.褐毛鲿胚胎最适孵化盐度在29~32,早期仔鱼最适培育盐度为26.     

电刺激诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的相关参数的筛选

电刺激可诱导卵子雌核发育,但在海洋生物中尚无报道。为获得电刺激诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育的最佳条件,采用正交设计的方法,分别研究了电场强度、电容、脉冲次数、卵子密度及缓冲液种类对诱导效果的影响。结果表明:(1)不同缓冲液的诱导效果差异不显著(P>0.05),但甘露醇缓冲液的诱导效果优于Zimmerman氏缓冲液和山梨醇缓冲液;最佳卵子密度为11.25×104个/mL,场强的最适范围为1.00～1.75kV/cm。最优电刺激诱导条件组合是:0.30mol/L甘露醇缓冲液,卵子密度11.25×104个/mL,脉冲强度1.20kV/cm,电容3μF,2次电脉冲。(2)应用优化后的电刺激参数诱导雌核发育,获得了最佳的诱导效果,得到的卵裂率为28.16%,胚胎存活率为98.37%。本研究首次成功应用电刺激法诱导了栉孔扇贝的雌核发育,并得到了单倍体胚胎,初步建立了栉孔扇贝中该诱导法的参数体系。     

Enhanced resistance of Portunus trituberculatus to Vibrio alginolyticus by selective breeding

We established a line (screened) of Portunus trituberculatus by selectively breeding individuals that survived from challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus, and compared the response of screened and unscreened (control) P. trituberculatus challenged with V. alginolyticus. We measured superoxide dismutase, catalase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and peroxidase activity and the content of hemocyanin in the plasma and phenoloxidase activity in serum. The cumulative survival rate after 24-h challenge with V. alginolyticus was significantly higher in the screened crabs than in the unscreened crabs (P<0.05). T-SOD and PO activity were significantly lower in the screened stock than in the unscreened stock (P<0.05). POD, CAT, and ACP activity and hemocyanin content were significantly higher in the screened stock than in the unscreened stock. Our results suggest that the screened stock was more resistant to infection. Furthermore, the indices we measured may be used to evaluate the health state of P. trituberculatus.