2008年8月30日和静M_S5.6地震序列及震前部分测震学异常分析

简要介绍了2008年8月30日新疆和静MS5.6地震的基本参数、震源机制解、地震序列特征和局部构造应力场等,分析了地震前震源区周围及相关构造区域出现的中、短期地震活动异常特征。结果显示,该序列为主-余型,余震活动呈间歇式,衰减迅速,震源断错性质为走滑型。震前震源区东侧存在长时间4级地震平静、3级地震围空及多台地震波振幅比的异常等现象,同时在地震发生前1~3个月出现了短期异常,表现为振幅比异常的回返、空区瓦解和地震窗的异常。依据多种异常变化,在震前对该地震做出了三要素准确的短期预报。     

大容量气枪震源长江定点激发信号检测

地学长江计划“安徽段实验”是大容量气枪震源在长江的首次激发。本文针对布设在气枪固定激发点附近的流动台和周边固定台接收到的气枪信号进行线性叠加分析近场和远场信号的时频特性,利用叠加结果检测气枪信号的传播特性,分析不同环境因素对信号传播距离的影响。结果表明：①近岸首台可以接收到清晰的压力脉冲、气泡脉冲的体波和面波信号;②气枪信号主频为5Hz左右,随震中距的增加,压力脉冲信号衰减很快,信号主频频带变窄;③对信号传播距离进行初步检测,最近的传播距离为180km,最远共有3个激发点传播达到260km,夜晚激发信号传播距离较远。     

华蓥山地区4口井水位潮汐动态特征研究

本文选择沿华蓥山断裂带分布的荣昌等4口观测井,利用Baytap-G潮汐分析方法,计算各井水位和气压及理论固体潮的潮汐振幅谱,比较其潮汐频谱差异,通过对主要潮汐分波振幅的回归计算定量分析各井水位受气压潮和固体潮影响的大小。基于对井水位正常动态的认识,选择各井水位潮汐的主要分波,对井水位长时序数据进行分析计算,提取水位潮汐响应特征参数(振幅比和相位差),进而探讨特征参数动态变化特征。最后对井水位受气压潮和固体潮影响的差异原因进行了初步探讨。结果表明,荣昌井水位主要受气压作用的影响,北碚、大足、南溪三口井水位受固体潮-气压潮综合作用的影响,而荣昌井水位只受气压潮影响可能与该井所处含水层裂隙发育且该井未下设止水套管有关;荣昌井P_1S_1K_1波和南溪井M_2波振幅比和相位差在几次大震后没有明显变化,说明地震波没有使井孔与含水层之间的水流交换发生显著变化,而北碚井和大足井M_2波振幅比和相位差分别在汶川和芦山地震时发生变化,反映了地震波的疏通影响。     

Automated Segmentation of Resistivity Image Logs Using Wavelet Transform

We describe a wavelet-transform-based method for automated segmentation of resistivity image logs that takes into account the apparent dip in the data and addresses the problem of discriminating lithofacies boundaries from noise and intrafacies variations. Our method can be applied to borehole measurements in general, but might have an advantage when applied to resistivity image logs as it addresses explicitly the large variability in facies segments recorded with a high-resolution multiple-sensor tool. We have developed an algorithm based on this method that might outperform other existing segmentation methods in the cases of low to moderate dip. We made a detailed comparison of the segmentation from our method with the one done by a geologist to delineate different lithofacies blocks in a well drilled in a deepwater depositional environment. Our results show considerable success rates in reproducing the geologically defined lithofacies boundaries, and the generality of our procedure suggests it could also be applied to other depositional environments.     

Water‐bottom multiple attenuation by Kirchhoff extrapolation

Despite being less general than 3D surface‐related multiple elimination (3D‐SRME), multiple prediction based on wavefield extrapolation can still be of interest, because it is less CPU and I/O demanding than 3D‐SRME and moreover it does not require any prior data regularization. Here we propose a fast implementation of water‐bottom multiple prediction that uses the Kirchhoff formulation of wavefield extrapolation. With wavefield extrapolation multiple prediction is usually obtained through the cascade of two extrapolation steps. Actually by applying the Fermat’s principle (i.e., minimum reflection traveltime) we show that the cascade of two operators can be replaced by a single approximated extrapolation step. The approximation holds as long as the water bottom is not too complex. Indeed the proposed approach has proved to work well on synthetic and field data when the water bottom is such that wavefront triplications are negligible, as happens in many practical situations.     

A Note on Standing Internal Inertial Gravity Waves of Finite Amplitude

The effects of finite amplitude are examined in two-dimensional, standing, internal gravity waves in a rectangular container which rotates about a vertical axis at frequency f/ 2. Expressions are given for the velocity components, density fluctuations and isopycnal displacements to second order in the wave steepness in fluids with buoyancy frequency, N , of general form, and the effect of finite amplitude on wave frequency is given in an expansion to third order. The first order solutions, and the solutions to second order in the absence of rotation, are shown to conserve energy during a wave cycle. Analytical solutions are found to second order for the first two modes in a deep fluid with N proportional to sech( az ), where z is the upward vertical coordinate and a is scaling factor. In the absence of rotation, results for the first mode in the latter stratification are found to be consistent with those for interfacial waves. An analytical solution to fourth order in a fluid with constant N is given and used to examine the effects of rotation on the development of static instability or of conditions in which shear instability may occur. As in progressive internal waves, an effect of rotation is to enhance the possibility of shear instability for waves with frequencies close to f . The analysis points to a significant difference between the dynamics of standing waves in containers of limited size and progressive internal waves in an unlimited fluid; the effect of boundaries on standing waves may inhibit the onset of instability. A possible application of the analysis is to transverse oscillations in long, narrow, steep-sided lakes such as Loch Ness, Scotland.     

庐枞矿集区大地电磁探测及电性结构初探

在庐枞矿集区开展大地电磁测深(Magnetotelluric,MT)工作,有助于研究庐枞矿集区区域地质结构、构造,同时,对强干扰地区大地电磁下扰信号规律的研究和MT数据的处理与解释水平的提高有着重要的理论意义.论文首先阐述了庐枞盆地的地质概况及深部MT探测的研究现状,接着介绍了庐枞矿集区大地电磁测深数据采集及相关实验研...     

不排水条件下裂隙流体压力对引潮高的振幅比和位相差的响应

本文基于裂隙潮汐应力分析,提出了不排水条件下,单裂隙和多裂隙流体压力-引潮高的振幅比和位相差响应模型.基于响应模型的分析计算,绘制了单裂隙流体压力振幅比和位相差与裂隙产状的关系曲线,分析了岩体弹性参数(λ、μ)和Skempton系数(B)对裂隙流体压力振幅比和位相差的影响.结果表明,M2和O1波裂隙流体压力-引潮高的振幅比随裂隙倾角(DIP)增加而增加,位相差都在±165°～±180°( DIP＜ 15°)和0°～±10°(DIP＞15°)之间,且两波位相差符号相反;流体压力振幅比线性地响应岩体弹性常数(λ、μ)和Skempton系数(B)的变化,但位相差几乎不受裂隙和岩体弹性参数的影响.     

Towards quantitative evaluation of gas injection using time‐lapse seismic data

Of particular concern in the monitoring of gas injection for the purposes of storage, disposal or improved oil recovery is the exact spatial distribution of the gas volumes in the subsurface. In principle this requirement is addressed by the use of 4D seismic data, although it is recognized that the seismic response still largely provides a qualitative estimate of moved subsurface fluids. Exact quantitative evaluation of fluid distributions and associated saturations remains a challenge to be solved. Here, an attempt has been made to produce mapped quantitative estimates of the gas volume injected into a clastic reservoir. Despite good results using three accurately repeated seismic surveys, time‐delay and amplitude attributes reveal fine‐scale differences though large‐scale agreement in the estimated fluid movement. These differences indicate disparities in the nature of the two attributes themselves, which can be explained by several possible causes. Of most impact are the effects of processing and migration, wave interference effects and noise from non‐repeatability of the seismic surveys. This subject highlights the need for a more careful consideration in 4D acquisition, amplitude processing and use of true amplitude preserving attributes in quantitative interpretation.     

Analysis of earthquake ground motions using an improved Hilbert–Huang transform

Some limitations of the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) for nonlinear and nonstationary signal processing are remarked. As an enhancement to the HHT, a time varying vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model based method is proposed to calculate the instantaneous frequencies of the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) obtained from the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) of a signal. By representing the IMFs as time varying VARMA model and using the Kalman filter to estimate the time varying model parameters, the instantaneous frequencies are calculated according to the time varying parameters, then the instantaneous frequencies and the envelopes derived from the cubic spline interpolation of the maxima of IMFs are used to yield the Hilbert spectrum. The analysis of the length of day dataset and the ground motion record El Centro (1940, N–S) shows that the proposed method offers advantages in frequency resolution, and produces more physically meaningful and readable Hilbert spectrum than the original HHT method, short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform (WT). The analysis of the seismic response of a building during the 1994 Northridge earthquake shows that the proposed method is a powerful tool for structural damage detection, which is expected as the promising area for future research.