Three-parameter Radon transform in layered transversely isotropic media

Radon transform is a powerful tool with many applications in different stages of seismic data processing, because of its capability to focus seismic events in the transform domain. Three-parameter Radon transform can optimally focus and separate different seismic events, if its basis functions accurately match the events. In anisotropic media, the conventional hyperbolic or shifted hyperbolic basis functions lose their accuracy and cannot preserve data fidelity, especially at large offsets. To address this issue, we propose an accurate traveltime approximation for transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis, and derive two versions of Radon basis functions, time-variant and time-invariant. A time-variant basis function can be used in time domain Radon transform algorithms while a time-invariant version can be used in, generally more efficient, frequency domain algorithms. Comparing the time-variant and time-invariant Radon transform by the proposed basis functions, the time-invariant version can better focus different seismic events; it is also more accurate, especially in presence of vertical heterogeneity. However, the proposed time-invariant basis functions are suitable for a specific type of layered anisotropic media, known as factorized media. We test the proposed methods and illustrate successful applications of them for trace interpolation and coherent noise attenuation.     

Seismic receiver coupling to the seafloor

The presence of geophysical receivers on the seafloor changes the local wave field due to the receiver seafloor interaction. The resulting PP- and PS-wave distortion of the wave field is often referred to as receiver coupling to the seafloor and can make data processing challenging and sometimes impossible. This paper provides an overview of the mathematical approaches to describe receiver coupling, how to estimate receiver coupling and what the difficulties and possible solutions are. The first section shows how the mathematical approach developed from a simple model considering only the vertical receiver component to include all three receiver components and their interactions with the seafloor. In the second section, I show how receiver coupling can be measured and how it can be improved using mathematical and data-driven approaches.     

Prediction of signatures of airgun arrays using dual near-field hydrophones

Successful estimation of airgun-array signatures from near-field measurements depends on the accuracy of poorly controlled model parameters such as the effective sea surface reflection coefficient and source depth. We propose a method for prediction of robust source signatures, which are insensitive to fluctuations of the latter parameters. The method uses vertical pairs of near-field hydrophones to measure near-field pressure and its vertical gradient, combination of which eliminates sea surface reflections from the near-field data. This excludes the uncertainty related to the fluctuating sea state and source depth from the process of inversion of the near-field data for source signature. The method explicitly separates the recorded near-field pressure into its up and down going components, which allows one to measure the effective frequency- and angle-dependent sea surface reflection coefficient right at the source, as well as to estimate the actual source depth. Tests on synthetic and field data demonstrate robust performance of the method.     

2017年6月16日湖北秭归Ms4.3地震成因初探

北京时间2017年6月16日19时48分, 湖北省秭归县发生M_S4.3地震(震中位置31.06°N, 110.48°E)。 此次地震导致当地160多间建筑物出现不同程度损坏, 100多人生活受到影响, 震区中危岩体出现一定程度破坏。 分析此次地震的震源参数将有助于了解其震源特征和发震机制。 本文首先获取了震中距在3°以内的40个宽频带固定台站的三分量数据, 然后利用FK(Frequency wavenumber)方法计算了在不同深度下Crust2.0模型和改进的1-D模型的格林函数, 分别使用Cut And Paste(CAP)方法反演得到本次地震的震源机制解和深度; 并采用基阶Rayleigh波振幅谱进一步约束了质心深度。 结果表明此次地震的最佳震源机制解的节面Ⅰ: 68°/59°/163°; 节面Ⅱ: 166°/75°/32°, 最佳矩震级为M_W4.3, 最佳深度约为5 km。 对比2013年巴东地震、 2014年秭归地震以及2011年湖北阳新—江西瑞昌地震的震源参数和余震信息, 此次地震有可能是水库诱发地震, 但要判断成因还需进一步研究。     

Sensitivity of the elastic anisotropy and seismic reflection amplitude of the Eagle Ford Shale to the presence of kerogen

The Eagle Ford Shale of Central and South Texas is currently of great interest for oil and gas exploration and production. Laboratory studies show that the Eagle Ford Shale is anisotropic, with a correlation between anisotropy and total organic carbon. Organic materials are usually more compliant than other minerals present in organic‐rich shales, and their shapes and distribution are usually anisotropic. This makes organic materials an important source of anisotropy in organic‐rich shales. Neglecting shale anisotropy may lead to incorrect estimates of rock and fluid properties derived from inversion of amplitude versus offset seismic data. Organic materials have a significant effect on the PP and PS reflection amplitudes from the Austin Chalk/Upper Eagle Ford interface, the Upper Eagle Ford/Lower Eagle Ford interface, and the Lower Eagle Ford/Buda Limestone interface. The higher kerogen content of the Lower Eagle Ford compared with that of the Upper Eagle Ford leads to a negative PP reflection amplitude that dims with offset, whereas the PS reflection coefficient increases in magnitude with increasing offset. The PP and PS reflection coefficients at the Austin Chalk/Upper Eagle Ford interface, the Upper Eagle Ford/Lower Eagle Ford interface, and the Lower Eagle Ford/Buda Limestone interface all increase in magnitude with increasing volume fraction of kerogen.     

Isolation of plane shear wave using water saturated trench barrier

The article presents a theoretical investigation of the propagation of normally and obliquely incident plane shear waves past a rectangular trench filled up with water saturated soil sandwiched between anisotropic elastic media. The motivation for this work is due to the effectiveness of the isolation of waves by the in-filled rectangular trench. Unlike the most of the previous researchers, this model considers the soil–structure interaction effects and directly determines the influence of barrier in the form of in-filled trench on the mode of wave propagation. It is of interest to determine the reflection and transmission coefficients, and the energy partition distribution of shear waves in the in-filled rectangular trench showing the influence of barrier on the propagation of waves. An extensive parametric study through numerical computation is carried out to investigate the influence of the material properties of the in-filled trench and the amplitude ratios on shear waves. The in-filled trench barrier directly declines the intensity of waves significantly in such a way that the waves do not create any hazards to the nearby structures, if exists at all.     

高阶统计量在大地电磁测深数据处理中的应用研究

在大地电磁（MT）测深法中,大地电磁响应函数经常出现个别频点分散、误差棒较大、形态异常等现象,在作反演解释时,许多地质特征难以有效提取出来,这些问题严重阻碍了MT的实际应用效能和发展.本文利用高阶统计量方法检验了MT信号的高斯性. 结果表明,MT信号是非高斯的. 根据任何高斯过程,其高阶统计量（高阶累积量,高阶谱）均为零的性质,通过信号的高阶谱恢复功率谱,再由功率谱估算MT响应函数,能有效抑制高斯有色噪声的影响,提高MT资料的处理质量. 从应用效果看,这种方法在抑制高斯有色噪声、提取信号中有用信息方面优于传统功率谱方法.     

Eddy Detection Over Southern Indian Ocean Using TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter Data

Field biological and geomorphological observations in certain East Asia coasts permit definition of Mean Sea Level (MSL) with an accuracy of ～10 cm, that is, a vertical geodetic datum, as well as recognition of the MSL of fossil shorelines, up to a few thousand years old, mainly associated with tectonic/seismic effects. Subsidence produced by compaction of nearly-surficial strata seems also to be a usual effect. These data indicate that datum variability is a widespread effect in East Asia, time-dependent even at time scales affecting engineering works, but only in a few cases fully predictable.     

碳酸盐岩孔洞型储集体地震反射特征分析

定量分析碳酸盐岩孔洞型储集体的地震响应特征,对孔洞储集体的预测和刻画研究有着重要意义.基于声波方程,在忽略多次散射的情况下,导出了深层小尺度孤立洞体的地震响应近似解析式,该解析表达式给出了孔洞尺度、充填程度与地震振幅属性之间的关系.分析表明:(1)当孔洞异常体尺度小于地震波长的1/8时,反射波振幅与异常体体积呈近似正比关系;(2)异常体横向上的尺度对反射波振幅的影响主要由菲涅耳半径控制,同时振幅随横向尺度的变化规律受到纵向尺度的影响;(3)异常体纵向上的尺度对反射振幅的影响主要表现为调谐效应,当纵向上的尺度等于调谐厚度(地震波长的1/4)时,反射振幅最强.不同尺度溶洞的数值模拟研究结果以及不同填充物的单洞物理模型试验和溶洞群物理模型试验验证了以上结论的正确性.     

三层模式中风场对背风波的影响

为了研究风场对背风波的影响,针对边界层附近为弱稳定层结的背风波,建立了一个三维三层的理论模型和线性计算模式,分析了各层中风速和风向的变化对背风波特征的影响,揭示了气流过孤立山脉产生背风波的有利风场条件。结果表明：背风波的波长、振幅等特征对各层风速和风向的变化具有相当的敏感性,波长随着低、高层风速的增大而增大,随着中层风速的增大先减小后增大;振幅随着低、中层风速的增大先增大后减小,随着高层风速的增大而增大。此外,风速和上下层风向切变的增大均使背风波的形态逐渐由横波型转为辐散型,但是上下层风向的切变对背风波形态的影响比风速更为显著。