The fifth-order analytical solution of the equations of motion of a satellite in orbit around a non-spherical planet

A high-precise analytical theory of a satellite in orbit around a non-spherical planet has been developed. The Poisson's small parameter method has been used. All secular and short-periodic perturbations proportional up to and including a product of five arbitrary harmonic coefficients of the planetary potential expansion are calculated. Long-periodic perturbations are derived with the accuracy of up to the fourth-order, inclusive. The influence of the high-order perturbations on the motion of ETALON-1 satellite has been investigated. The results of comparison of the numerical and analytical integration of the equations of its motion over a five year interval are as follows:

Derivatives of reflection point coordinates with respect to model parameters

The motivation for this paper is to provide expressions for first-order partial derivatives of reflection point coordinates, taken with respect to model parameters. Such derivatives are expected to be useful for processes dealing with the problem of estimating velocities for depth migration of seismic data.The subject of the paper is a particular aspect of ray perturbation theory, where observed parameters—two-way reflection time and horizontal components of slowness, are constraining the ray path when parameters of the reference velocity model are perturbed. The methodology described here is applicable to general rays in a 3D isotropic, heterogeneous medium. Each ray is divided into a shot ray and a receiver ray, i.e., the ray portions between the shot/receiver and the reflection point, respectively. Furthermore, by freezing the initial horizontal slowness of these subrays as the model is perturbed,elementary perturbation quantities may be obtained, comprising derivatives of ray hit positions within theisochrone tangent plane, as well as corresponding time derivatives. The elementary quantities may be estimated numerically, by use of ray perturbation theory, or in some cases, analytically. In particular, when the layer above the reflection point is homogeneous, explicit formulas can be derived. When the elementary quantities are known,reflection point derivatives can be obtained efficiently from a set of linear expressions.The method is applicable for a common shot, receiver or offset data sorting. For these gather types, reflection point perturbationlaterally with respect to the isochrone is essentially different. However, in theperpendicular direction, a first-order perturbation is shown to beindependent of gather type.To evaluate the theory, reflection point derivatives were estimated analytically and numerically. I also compared first-order approximations to true reflection point curves, obtained by retracing rays for a number of model perturbations. The results are promising, especially with respect to applications in sensitivity analysis for prestack depth migration and in velocity model updating.     

Aerosol remote sensing over land: A comparison of satellite retrievals using different algorithms and instruments

An inter-comparison study of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 0.55 μm retrieved using different satellite instruments and algorithms based on the analysis of backscattered solar light is presented for a single scene over central Europe on October 13th, 2005. For the first time comparisons have been performed for as many as six instruments on multiple satellite platforms. Ten different algorithms are briefly discussed and inter-compared. It was found that on the scale of a single pixel there can be large differences in AOT retrieved over land using different retrieval techniques and instruments. However, these differences are not as pronounced for the average AOT over land. For instance, the average AOT at 0.55 μm for the area 7–12E, 49–53N was equal to 0.14 for MISR, NASA MODIS and POLDER algorithms. It is smaller by 0.01 for the ESA MERIS aerosol product and larger by 0.04 for the MERIS BAER algorithm. AOT as derived using AATSR gives on average larger values as compared to all other instruments, while SCIAMACHY retrievals underestimate the aerosol loading. These discrepancies are explained by uncertainties in a priori assumptions used in the different algorithms and differences in the sensor characteristics. Validation against AERONET shows that MERIS provides the most accurate AOT retrievals for this scene.     

Degradation of Geopotential Recovery from Short Repeat-Cycle Orbits: Application to GRACE Monthly Fields

Throughout 2004 the GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) orbit contracted slowly to yield a sparse repeat track of 61 revolutions every 4 days on 19 September 2004. As a result, we show from linear perturbation theory that geopotential information previously available to fully resolve a gravity field every month of 120× 120 (degree by order) in spherical harmonics was compressed then into about one-fourth of the necessary observation space. We estimate from this theory that the ideal gravity field resolution in September 2004 was only about 30 × 30. More generally, we show that any repeat-cycle mission for geopotential recovery with full resolution L × L requires the number of orbit-revolutions-to-repeat to be greater than 2L.     

用静止气象卫星云图对西太平洋副热带高压进退的个例研究

本文利用静止气象卫星GMS-5的红外卫星云图的云系特征结合天气形势分析了1997年7月副高的一次进退过程,并以9711号台风的红外云图对副高进退过程进行分析,结果表明,副高西侧积雨云、西北侧云系边缘的反气旋性云系、副高内部一些小的积云块以及台风对副高的南北进退具有指示意义,通过对云系影响副高进退的成因的详细分析,提出利用卫星云图云系特征对副高进退进行预报的方法,为气象卫星资料应用于副高进退预报的研究提供新的依据。     

内蒙古东部地区2次Ms5.9级地震前长波辐射特征分析

利用NOAA卫星长波辐射月值和月距平值资料作为地震监视手段,发现在2005年8月16日巴林左旗—阿鲁科尔沁旗Ms5.9级地震和2003年3月24日东乌珠穆沁旗Ms5.9级地震前,震中附近地区的“地—气”系统观测到地表有局部增温的热现象,表明孕震地区具有一定热辐射异常信息,说明长波辐射在震情的跟踪与判定方面具有一定的指导意义。     

多光谱卫星图像反演云空湿度场方法的改进

利用1998年6～8月GMS图像和分析区内近70个台站的地面和探空资料,在过去工作的基础上,通过引入地面实测湿度场相关资料作新的分析参量,建立了各标准等压面相对湿度统计分析新模型,改进了应用多光谱卫星图像反演三维湿度场的方法.通过比较和检验,证实新模型可有效改进大气湿度场的反演精度,特别是低层湿度场的反演精度.     

辽-冀与津-冀临界区海岸演变卫星遥感分析

通过对多时相卫星图像的解译和对比,简述并分析了辽、冀、津3省(市)临界区约200km海岸特征与演变情况。     

卫星资料反演湿度场改变模式初值对降水预报的影响

为探讨初始场资料在数值预报中的重要性，用高分辨率卫星T_BB资料反演的云内湿度场来改进模式初值，初步研究分析了改进的模式初值对降水预报的影响。以湿绝热过程的变态方程为积分方程，由卫星T_BB资料反演出大气中各等压面层湿度场。通过对比分析反演的湿度场与客观分析 (T106) 的水汽场，发现两者有较大区别，前者更加合理地反映出降水区域高空湿度场的分布。利用中尺度模式MM5将有限区域的常规探空资料和非常规资料进行同化，并对暴雨个例进行预报对比试验。不同初值的对比试验表明，在模式的初始场中引入卫星资料反演的湿度场后，明显地改善了模式降水预报的强度和落区，比仅使用常规探空资料更接近于实况。