Effects of topographic–isostatic masses on gravitational functionals at the Earth’s surface and at airborne and satellite altitudes

Topographic–isostatic masses represent an important source of gravity field information, especially in the high-frequency band, even if the detailed mass-density distribution inside the topographic masses is unknown. If this information is used within a remove-restore procedure, then the instability problems in downward continuation of gravity observations from aircraft or satellite altitudes can be reduced. In this article, integral formulae are derived for determination of gravitational effects of topographic–isostatic masses on the first- and second-order derivatives of the gravitational potential for three topographic–isostatic models. The application of these formulas is useful for airborne gravimetry/gradiometry and satellite gravity gradiometry. The formulas are presented in spherical approximation by separating the 3D integration in an analytical integration in the radial direction and 2D integration over the mean sphere. Therefore, spherical volume elements can be considered as being approximated by mass-lines located at the centre of the discretization compartments (the mass of the tesseroid is condensed mathematically along its vertical axis). The errors of this approximation are investigated for the second-order derivatives of the topographic–isostatic gravitational potential in the vicinity of the Earth’s surface. The formulas are then applied to various scenarios of airborne gravimetry/gradiometry and satellite gradiometry. The components of the gravitational vector at aircraft altitudes of 4 and 10 km have been determined, as well as the gravitational tensor components at a satellite altitude of 250 km envisaged for the forthcoming GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean-circulation explorer) mission. The numerical computations are based on digital elevation models with a 5-arc-minute resolution for satellite gravity gradiometry and 1-arc-minute resolution for airborne gravity/gradiometry.     

北斗卫星导航系统的毫米级精度变形监测算法与实现

研究了北斗卫星导航系统(BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,BDS)毫米级精度变形监测算法。首先改进了TurboEdit方法,以能够探测到1周的小周跳;针对BDS星座结构给出更为高效的独立双差观测值搜索方法;对于模糊度固定,采用决策函数和序贯模糊度固定相结合的方法。在此基础上,研制了BDS变形监测软件。最后,利用变形监测试验平台的实测数据,从星座分布、解算精度等方面分析了BDS在变形监测中应用的可行性。结果表明,目前在试验区域内BDS与GPS在卫星几何分布等方面基本相当。BDS的短基线解算精度略低于GPS,但仍可达到平面1mm以内、高程2mm以内的精度水平。     

基于资源三号测绘卫星DSM的精度评估研究

作为我国首颗民用立体测绘卫星数据产品,ZY-3 DSM对于我国地学分析具有极其重要的作用。本文在顾及地貌情况前提下,选取云南省高海拔山区为试验区,辅以1∶10 000野外实测地形图DEM为参考值,将分辨率为15 m的ZY-3 DSM与90 m的SRTM DEM从高程精度和地形精度进行较为全面的数据质量比较。结果表明:ZY-3 DSM在高程精度和地形精度均有更好的表现。总体看来,ZY-3 DSM数据质量更高,具有更广泛的利用价值。     

南极1∶20万大剖面卫星影像数字制图

本文论述了在缺少地面控制点的情况下，进行南极卫星影像数字制图的方法和技术。利用ＴＭ和ＭＳＳ卫星影像数据，制作了从中山站至南极点大剖面考察区内的１∶２０万卫星影像图。南极景观以冰雪地貌为主，冰雪在卫星影像上亮度极大，反差极小，导致条带噪声干扰严重。另一方面，裸岩地、海水与冰雪之间的反差又过大，细貌被压抑，这些又给影像处理造成很大困难，针对这些特点，本文叙述了从影像中提取噪声谱后利用方向滤波法消去条带噪声。基于自动识别理论进行分类增强，采用相关匹配和加权平滑法进行不同时期卫星影像镶嵌等几项特殊处理技术。     

Stratospheric response to chemical perturbations

The paper presents a coupled chemical-radiative one-dimensional model which is used to assess the steady-state and time-dependent composition and temperature changes in relation to the release in the atmosphere of chemicals such as CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, NO _x and chlorofluorocarbons.The model indicates that a doubling in CO₂ leads to an increase in temperature of 12.7 K near the stratopause and to an increase in total ozone of 3.3% with a local enhancement of 17% at 40 km altitude. Additional release of N₂O leads to an ozone reduction in the middle stratosphere. The reduction in the ozone column is predicted to be equal to 8.8% when the amount of N₂O is doubled. The chemical effect of CH₄ on ozone is particularly important in the troposphere. A doubling in the mixing ratio of this gas enhances the O₃ concentration by 11% at 5 km. The predicted increase of the ozone column is equal to 1.4%. A constant emission of CFCl₃ (230 kT/yr) and CF₂Cl₂ (300 kT/yr) leads to a steady-state reduction in the ozone column of 1.9% compared to the present-day situation. The effect of some uncertainties in the chemical scheme as well as the impact of a high chlorine perturbation are briefly discussed.Finally the results of a time dependent calculation assuming a realistic scenario for the emission of chemical species are presented and analyzed.     

北太平洋卫星测高大地水准面异常

自1973年以来,NASA已发射了三颗与卫星测高有关的卫星,测高标准误差≥±10cm。已求得全球平均海水面高度图标准误差≤±1m。它的短波成分比卫星重力大地水准面的丰富得多。由于引入卫星测高资料,已把地球重力位系数从原来的22×22阶次提高到现在的180×180阶次,估计在卫星测高加密观测地区,可提高到720×720阶次。现在,卫星测高已成为综合应用卫星SEASAT的主要观测项目之一,这对于研究海洋地球物理和全球性地球动力学问题无疑是一种十分有用的资料。     

Comparison of Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) and ground-based total ozone fields for December 1970

For the period December 1970, comparison is made between the monthly average analyses (mapped fields) of the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) total ozone data and the ground-based observations. In particular, significant differences of over 50 Dobson units are noted over the region of the North Atlantic Ocean with the BUV of greater magnitude than the ground-based data. As part of the overall verification program, both analyses are compared against the 100 mb height fields. The results indicate that the BUV analysis in the region of question is the more consistent of the two.     

国土卫星成像过程的数学模拟与几何失真恢复

本文在对卫星图像几何失真进行分析的基础上,用数学方法模拟了国土卫星空中成像的物理过程,提出了一种新的图像几何处理方法——混合法。该方法先用少量地标点(GCP)和Powell方法估算精化模型中的参数,以消除系统误差;再用平面拟合方法校正残差,有效地提高了处理精度。影像的灰度重采样是用样条函数方法实现的。     

Star passages through the Oort cloud

Stars passing through the Oort cloud eject comets to interstellar space and initiate showers of comets into the planetary region. Monte Carlo simulations of such passages are performed on a representative distribution of cometary orbits. Ejected comets generally lie along a narrow tunnel drilled by the star through the cloud. However, shower comets come from the entire cloud, and do not give a strong signature of the star's passage, except in the inverse semimajor axis distribution for the shower comets. The planetary system is likely not experiencing a cometary shower at this time.     

Relaxation Oscillations in Tidally Evolving Satellites

We study the rotational evolution under tidal torques of axisymmetric natural satellites in inclined, precessing orbits. In the spin- and orbit-averaged equations of motion, we find that a global limit cycle exists for parameter values near the stability limit of Cassini state . The limit cycle involves an alternation between states of near-synchronous spin at low obliquity, and strongly subsynchronous spin at an obliquity near 90°. This dynamical feature is characterized as a relaxation oscillation, arising as the system slowly traverses two saddle-node bifurcations in a reduced system. This slow timescale is controlled by ε, the nondimensional tidal dissipation rate. Unfortunately, a straightforward expansion of the governing equations for small ε is shown to be insufficient for understanding the underlying structure of the system. Rather, the dynamical equations of motion possess a singular term, multiplied by ε, which vanishes in the unperturbed system. We thus provide a demonstration that a dissipatively perturbed conservative system can behave qualitatively differently from the unperturbed system. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.