东亚赤道异常区电离层CT诊断──实验及初步结果

国际上第一个低纬电离层层析（ＣＴ）探测台链于１９９３年１１月建成，并开始数据采集．该ＣＴ台链沿１２０°Ｅ子午圈由６个卫星信标差分多普勒接收站组成，北起我国上海，南至菲律宾的马尼拉，纬度覆盖范围约２０°．该台链专为电高层赤道异常区电子密度大尺度结构ＣＴ成像而设计，其目的是监测研究赤道异常形态与动力学、电离层等离子体泡、行优以及暴时磁层－电离层－热层耦合过程等重要的赤道与低纬区电离层现象．本文介绍该低纬电离层ＣＴ实验的有关技术问题，包括接收台站布设、实验设备、数据采集软件和数据预处理方法．文中还给出利用ＣＴ技术，由实测斜电子含量数据反演电离层电子密度二维分布图像的几个实例．结果表明，利用低纬电离层ＣＴ台链可以有效地监测电离层赤道异常及其它低纬电高层电子密度大尺度结构的时空变化．     

卫星探测辐射率在数值天气预报中的直接应用

该文叙述在数值天气预报中直接应用辐射率而不经过反演的原因，变分法在辐射率直接应用中的作用，以及介绍变分问题计算中的伴随方法。还指出ATOVS辐射率同样可以在NWP中直接应用。最后，介绍业务NWP直接应用辐射率的情况。     

ISUAL探测器在青藏高原南麓地区对于红色精灵现象的观测分析

本文利用福卫二号卫星（FORMOSAT-2）搭载的高空大气闪电影像仪（Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightnings, ISUAL）于2004～2015年期间获得的数据，分析了青藏高原南麓地区（22°～30°N, 86°～98°E）观测到的多例红色精灵事件。通过与全球闪电定位网（World Wide Lightning Location Network，WWLLN）的观测资料进行对比，在分析了17次个例后发现对于大部分红色精灵事件，ISUAL给出的定位效果较好，与WWLLN的闪电定位结果偏差一般小于50 km，这与在北美及其邻近地区得到的结果一致。在此基础上，我们结合风云二号卫星的云顶亮温数据分析了青藏高原南麓地区红色精灵的母体雷暴特征，发现在青藏高原南麓地区除了中尺度对流系统外，小尺度对流系统也是这个地区产生红色精灵的主要天气系统。     

NOAA卫星探测数据对B-模式分析预报系统性误差的影响

本文报告极轨气象卫星探测数据对B-模式的海平面气压场预报和500hPa高度预报的系统性误差的影响.主要结果是:(1)B-模式预报海平面气压的强度偏弱,即高压系统太低,低压太高;(2)500hPa高度预报的系统性误差情况不如海平面气压场误差情况明显.但也能发现槽区的高度预报不够低,而脊区的高度预报不够高;(3)应用卫星数据对B-模式分析预报系统的预报有正作用,对海洋上的地面低压和500hPa槽区附近的系统性误差有明显减小,但对其它地区天气系统预报的正负影响参差不齐,其作用难下结论。     

稳健估计在人卫激光测距资料预处理中的应用

本文提出一种稳健估计的方法，作为对现有最小二乘方法的改进，对人造卫星激光测距资料进行预处理，判别异常值，估计中误差。该方法将使异常值的剔除更加稳定可靠；在多数情况下，可不借助人工屏幕处理，实现自动化，该方法有５０％崩溃点，且不受端点效应的影响。     

老铁山水道漏油事故卫星监测

本文通过对ＬａｎｄｓａｔＴＭ图像和ＮＯＡＡＡＶＨＲＲ图像进行特殊的处理，将石油污染区与周围海水区别开来，利用Ｌａｎｄｓａｔ卫星精度和ＮＯＡＡ卫星时相的优势，可以确定污染面积、扩散方向和扩散速度。     

陆面微波比辐射率的卫星观测研究进展

复杂多变的陆地表微波比辐射率,造成陆面上星载微波观测反演大气参数较为困难,也使得许多卫星微波资料不易同化应用到数值模式,因此迫切需要提供准确可靠的陆面微波地表比辐射率信息.随着卫星观测技术的迅速发展,利用丰富的星载被动微波观测直接反演陆面微波比辐射率成为一种主要手段.国外针对星载微波成像仪和微波垂直探测器开展较为系统的陆面微波比辐射率研究,建立不同类型的地表比辐射率反演方法,开发地表比辐射率参数化方法并应用于辐射资料同化.对于卫星观测反演陆面微波比辐射率存在的问题,开展了评估分析和方法订正.国内利用卫星观测也开展了一些陆面微波比辐射率研究工作,尚需要系统、综合的提炼.对于地表特征复杂的中国地区,还需要评估认识不同陆面微波比辐射率反演方法在我国适用情况,需要增强陆面微波比辐射率数据质量的认识以及业务应用.     

Estimation of elevation-dependent satellite antenna phase center variations of GPS satellites

A method for the estimation of the phase center variations of GPS satellite antennas using global GPS data is presented. First estimations have shown an encouraging repeatability from day to day and between satellites of the same block. Thus, two different satellite antenna patterns for Block II/IIA and for Block IIR with a range of about 4 cm and an accuracy of less than 1 mm could be found. The present approach allows the creation of a consistent set of receiver and satellite antenna patterns and phase center offsets. Thereby, it is possible to switch from relative to absolute phase center variations without a scale problem in global networks. This changeover has an influence on troposphere parameters, reduces systematic effects due to uncorrect antenna modeling and should diminish the elevation dependence of GPS results. AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Prof. G. Seeber (University of Hannover) and Dr. G. Wübbena (Geo++ GmbH) and their groups for their kindness in making available the absolute field calibration results derived from robot measurements.     

Examining the aerosol indirect effect over China using an SO2 emission inventory

The relationship between SO₂ emissions and the effective particle radius of low-level water clouds (r_e) over China was investigated to determine anthropogenic effects on clouds. Sulfur dioxide emission values were obtained from a statistical inventory, and r_e origins were retrieved by satellite remote sensing on a 0.5° grid. Comparisons between annual mean SO₂ emissions and r_e showed generally decreasing r_e values, explained by the Twomey effect. The existence of the Twomey effect is supported by comparisons with simulated aerosol optical depths. Results further suggest that clouds over land show sensitivity to the Twomey effect as well as clouds over the ocean.     

Low energy trajectories for the Moon-to-Earth space flight

The Moon-to-Earth low energy trajectories of ‘detour’ type are found and studied within the frame of the Moon-Earth-Sun-particle system. These trajectories use a passive flight to the Earth from an initial elliptic selenocentric orbit with a high aposelenium. The Earth perturbation increases the particle selenocentric energy from a negative value first to zero and then to a positive one and therefore leads to a passive escape of the particle motion from the Moon attraction near the translunar libration pointL ₂. This results in the particle flight to a distance of about 1.5 million km from the Earth where the Sun gravitation decreases the particle orbit perigee distance to a small value that leads to the particle approaching the Earth vicinity in about 100 days of the flight. A set of the Moon-to-Earth ‘detour’ trajectories is defined numerically. Characteristics of these trajectories are presented. The ‘detour’ trajectories give essential economy of energy (about 150 m/s in Delta V) relative to the usual ones.