从空间探测闪电的综述

从空间探测闪电 30多年的历史看 ,一些卫星闪电遥感仪器已提供了许多极有价值的资料 ,例如 ,闪电全球范围内发生的频率 ,其随纬度和季节的变化以及日变化 ,超级闪电的发生等等。这些资料在雷电灾害预警预防、强对流天气监测、某些军事目标的识别等业务和科研工作中得到了应用。本文是关于空间探测闪电的一个综述 ,主要介绍过去 35a一些星载闪电光学探测器 ,并给出由这些仪器观测资料分析所得到的一些重要结果。最后 ,对发展中国星载闪电探测器提出几点建议。     

卫星通信技术在地震现场中的应用

介绍了卫星通信技术在地震现场中的应用实例，叙述了最新研制并集成“地震现场指挥部图像信息传输系统”的有关技术特点、技术优势、系统功能、系统结构、工作流程、技术指标及用户接口等内容，并对系统的应用前景和应用领域作了分析。     

Exploring gravity field determination from orbit perturbations of the European Gravity Mission GOCE

 A comparison was made between two methods for gravity field recovery from orbit perturbations that can be derived from global positioning system satellite-to-satellite tracking observations of the future European gravity field mission GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer). The first method is based on the analytical linear orbit perturbation theory that leads under certain conditions to a block-diagonal normal matrix for the gravity unknowns, significantly reducing the required computation time. The second method makes use of numerical integration to derive the observation equations, leading to a full set of normal equations requiring powerful computer facilities. Simulations were carried out for gravity field recovery experiments up to spherical harmonic degree and order 80 from 10 days of observation. It was found that the first method leads to large approximation errors as soon as the maximum degree surpasses the first resonance orders and great care has to be taken with modeling resonance orbit perturbations, thereby loosing the block-diagonal structure. The second method proved to be successful, provided a proper division of the data period into orbital arcs that are not too long. Received: 28 April 2000 / Accepted: 6 November 2000     

基于资源三号测绘卫星DSM的复杂地形水系提取精度分析——以云南省高海拔山区为例

针云南省楚雄地区为研究区域,采用1:25万水系数据为参照,基于资源三号测绘卫星DSM(ZY-3DSM)数据自动提取水系,并从河流分支点和水系因子两方面分析其精度,再与SRTM DEM提取的水系进行比较。结果表明:(1)从河流分支点来看,ZY-3 DSM提取的水系精度普遍高于SRTM DEM,在中海拔丘陵和中海拔台地上点位精度比后者高50%以上,在低海拔平原和中海拔平原上点位精度比后者高25%以上;(2)就水系长度和分级而言,ZY-3 DSM提取的水系总长度比SRTM DEM约长15%,一级和二级河流数目比后者多18%;(3)从水系密度和河网套合差来看,ZY-3 DSM提取水系与1:25万水系吻合度较好,水系密度相似度高于SRTM DEM约3倍,河网套合程度前者高于后者45%。总之,基于ZY-3 DSM提取的水系精度较高,完全符合测绘标准规范,且各方面均优于SRTM DEM提取的水系。     

张渤地震带高光谱气体地球化学特征

利用卫星高光谱数据分析了张家口—渤海(张渤)地震带CO和CH4总量的时、空变化特征及其影响因素。时间上,该地区CO总量存在明显的周期性季节变化,但是CH4总量的周期性季节变化不明显。空间上,研究区南部CO和CH4总量高于北部地区;由西向东气体总量增大,在平原和山区交界的地方变化明显。CO和CH4总量背景趋势时间上受气候和气象变化影响,空间上主要受控于区域地形地貌、地质背景、构造和地震活动及地壳厚度等。研究结果不仅为研究区地震地球化学测量提供了新的科学资料,而且对地震异常判识、断裂带分段活动性研究具有重要意义。     

Economic development and natural disasters: A satellite data analysis

In this study we examine the impact of large-scale natural disasters on economic development. A major obstacle in exploring this relationship is the poor data quality on GDP per capita in low-income countries, while at the same time more than 90% of all disasters that happen worldwide occur in these particular countries. To overcome this problem, we use data based on satellite images of the night-time light intensity in a specific country or region which is shown to be highly correlated with income per capita. After testing for the sensitivity of the results, our main findings suggest that natural disasters reduce the amount of lights visible from outer space significantly in the short run. To be more precise, we demonstrate that climatic and hydrological disasters cause a large drop in the luminosity in developing and emerging market countries, while geophysical and meteorological disasters decrease light intensity more in industrialized countries. It turns out that using reported real GDP per capita figures underestimates the true impact. Besides, a large part of the economic consequences of the natural events is explained by their regional impact. However, in the long run most of the disaster effect has disappeared. Finally, the impact of a disaster depends partly on the size and scope of the natural catastrophe, the geographical location, the degree of financial development of a country and the quality of the political institutions present.     

Land cover changes and landscape pattern dynamics in Senegal and Guinea Bissau borderland

Different levels of climatic, agricultural, demographic, political and socioeconomic change have been detected in West African countries. For many years the human impact on the region was negligible, due to the low population density. However, in the last decades, demographic increase has accelerated exploitation of the natural resources and consequently the degradation of the ecosystems. Land cover degradation and landscape changes are more or less pronounced according to politic and socio-economic conditions of each country. In this study, a region located on the borderland of north Guinea-Bissau and south Senegal, is analyzed with regard to land cover and landscape trends, considering the socio-economic factors that drive them and the borderline effect. In this analysis, remote sensing data (Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI data) were used to obtain four land cover maps for the years 1990, 2002, 2010 and 2015. The results show a similar landscape behavior in both countries, directly related to similar socio-economic practices. Forest area increase in both countries and there is a reduction in Agriculture/Bare soil areas until 2010. Main causes may be associated to the rural exodus, resulting from the conflict for independence of Casamance, which affects the borderland region of Senegal and Guinea Bissau, or to the conversion of agricultural areas into cashew orchards. In opposition, between 2010 and 2015, Forest area decrease and Agriculture/Bare soil increase, due to the recent trend of conversion of old cashew orchards into traditional fields of cereals and peanut. An increase in landscape fragmentation is observed in the period under analysis, revealing a heterogenization trend, which can be related to the adoption of similar human practices, in the last decades.     

Flood forecasting in Niger-Benue basin using satellite and quantitative precipitation forecast data

Availability of reliable, timely and accurate rainfall data is constraining the establishment of flood forecasting and early warning systems in many parts of Africa. We evaluated the potential of satellite and weather forecast data as input to a parsimonious flood forecasting model to provide information for flood early warning in the central part of Nigeria. We calibrated the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model using rainfall data from post real time Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi satellite Precipitation Analysis product (TMPA). Real time TMPA satellite rainfall estimates and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) rainfall products were tested for flood forecasting. The implication of removing the systematic errors of the satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) was explored. Performance of the rainfall-runoff model was assessed using visual inspection of simulated and observed hydrographs and a set of performance indicators. The forecast skill was assessed for 1–6 days lead time using categorical verification statistics such as Probability Of Detection (POD), Frequency Of Hit (FOH) and Frequency Of Miss (FOM). The model performance satisfactorily reproduced the pattern and volume of the observed stream flow hydrograph of Benue River. Overall, our results show that SREs and rainfall forecasts from weather models have great potential to serve as model inputs for real-time flood forecasting in data scarce areas. For these data to receive application in African transboundary basins, we suggest (i) removing their systematic error to further improve flood forecast skill; (ii) improving rainfall forecasts; and (iii) improving data sharing between riparian countries.     

Organizations: INMARSAT: improving maritime communications

Improving maritime communications is the raison d'être of INMARSAT, of which 40 countries are now members. INMARSAT operates the world's only commercial satellite system devoted to international mobile communications. This article describes the system and the services which can be provided through it, and covers the policy issues of interest to INMARSAT. It concludes by considering the future of maritime mobile communications via satellite.     

Surface geostrophic currents across the Antarctic circumpolar current in Drake Passage from 1992 to 2004

The Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global overturning circulation as a significant proportion of deep water is converted into intermediate and deeper water masses in this region. Recently, a secular trend has been reported in wind stress around the Southern Ocean and it is thought theoretically that the strength of the ACC is closely related to wind stress, so one consequence should be a corresponding increase in ACC transport and hence changes in the rate of the global overturning. There are no long-term data sets of ACC transport and so we must examine other data that may also respond to changing wind stress. Here we calculate surface currents in Drake Passage every seven days over 11.25 years from 1992 to 2004. We combine surface velocity anomalies calculated from satellite altimeter sea surface heights with measured surface currents. Since 1992, the UK has regularly occupied WOCE hydrographic section SR1b across the ACC in Drake Passage. From seven hydrographic sections surface currents are estimated by referencing relative geostrophic velocities from CTD sections with current measurements made by shipboard and lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers. Combining the seven estimates of surface currents with the altimeter data reduces bias in the estimates of average currents over time through Drake Passage and we show that surface current anomalies estimated by satellite and in situ observations are in good agreement. The strongest surface currents are found in the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts with average speeds of 50 cm/s and 35 cm/s, respectively and are inversely correlated, so that maximum westward flow in one corresponds to minimum westward flow in the other. The average cross-sectional weighted surface velocity from 1992 to 2004 is 16.7 ± 0.2 cm/s. A spectral analysis of the average surface current has only weakly increasing energy at higher frequencies and there is no dominant mode of variability. The standard deviation of the seven day currents is 0.68 cm/s and a running 12 month average has only a slightly smaller standard deviation of 0.52 ± 0.16 cm/s. The southern annular mode (SAM) measures the circumpolar average of wind stress and like the surface currents its spectrum has slightly increased energy at frequencies greater than 1 cpy. A cospectral analysis of these, averaging cospectra of five slightly overlapping 36 month segments improve statistical reliability, suggests that there is coherence between them at 1 cpy with the currents leading changes in the Southern annular mode. We conclude that the SAM and average Drake Passage surface currents are weakly correlated with no dominant co-varying modes, and hence predicting Southern Ocean transport variability from the SAM is not likely to give significant results and that secular trends in surface currents are likely to be masked by weekly and interannual variability.