A probabilistic investigation of infiltration in the vadose zone: proposal for a new formula of infiltration rate

The infiltration rate in the unsaturated zone is analysed from a probabilistic point of view. It is shown that the empirical formulas of Horton and Kostiakov, without apparent physical basis, are explained in a probabilistic approach. Horton's formula reflects a Markovian process contrary to Kostiakov's formula. This approach made it possible to explain why Kostiakov's formula is more powerful than that of Horton. A new equation of infiltration is proposed. The three formulas were compared, for four types of soil, with the model of van Genuchten based on the Richards equation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2013年全球发现的新矿物种

对2013年度全球发现并经国际矿物学协会(IMA)新矿物与矿物分类命名专业委员会(CNMNC)批准的137种新矿物资料进行了系统梳理,特别是从矿物名称、晶体化学式、晶系和空间群、晶胞参数、主要粉晶数据、物理性质、光学性质、产地与产状、与其他矿物种的关系、矿物名称来源、化学反应和光谱学特征等方面归纳总结了这些新矿物的重要...     

瞬变电磁法矩形线圈自感的精确表达式

在瞬变电磁法(TEM)中,矩形线圈的自感参数主要用于局部导体晚期瞬变电磁场的等效计算和接收线圈固有过渡过程计算以及瞬变电磁仪器研制。目前,在瞬变电磁法教科书中,单匝矩形线圈自感计算公式都是近似的。本文通过积分方法,推导出了长方形及正方形单匝线圈自感的精确表达式以及正方形单匝线圈自感的近似计算公式。经计算,目前使用的近似公式与精确公式相比误差很大,当回线边长为5m时,误差最小为-39.2%,最大为238.85%;当回线边长为200m时,误差最小为-58.87%,最大为219.33%。本文推导的单匝正方形线圈自感近似公式与精确公式相比误差很小,当回线边长为5m时,误差为0.4%;当回线边长200m时,误差为0.26%。     

贝赛尔大地主题解算分析

贝赛尔大地主题解算是少数适合长距离大地主题计算的方法之一。文章通过对贝赛尔大地主题解算进行计算分析,发现贝赛尔大地主题反算中的大地线长计算精度受起点方位角的影响很大,误差可达8m。为了消去这一巨大误差,本文提出在大地主题反算时互换大地线起点和终点的方法,计算结果表明该方法可以有效消除方位角对大地线长误差的影响。     

Oceanic gravity by analytical inversion of Hotine's formula

An analytical inversion of the Hotine formula is developed using fast Fourier transform techniques. Detailed mathematical derivations are used to explain the concepts behind the inverse transformation. Three modifications of the analytical inversion of the Hotine formula are compared and tested using both synthetic data from the OSU91A geopotential model and real GEOSAT altimetry data from the Exact Repeat Mission. The stability of this inverse Hotine approach is investigated using simulated data, and numerical tests are done to quantify the stability of this approach. The approach seems to be numerically stable without employing any stabilization technique. Estimated gravity information from GEOSTAT altimetry data is compared to marine gravity data from shipboard measurements in the Orphan Knoll area. The standard deviations and mean values of the differences between satellite and marine gravity disturbances are 8.2 and 2.9 mGal for the planar approximation, 9.2 and 3.7 mGal for the spherical approximation, and 9.5 and 1.9 mGal for the Molodenskii‐like approximation, respectively, indicating that latitude‐dependent errors affect the latter two approximations. Such errors could be eliminated by performing the calculations by the rigorous one‐dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, and any data noise could be filtered out by utilizing covariance knowledge about the input geoid undulations and their errors. Simulation studies also showed that the accuracy of the techniques (for all approximations) can reach a root‐mean‐square (RMS) level of only a few mGal when proper treatment of FFT edge effects is employed and a rather wide area of results is disregarded around the edges.     

Determination of Deformation Modulus for Lower Sands in Nakdong River Delta

The deformation modulus of sands below 30 m in the Nakdong River Delta was estimated by using various in-situ tests, such as the piezocone penetrometer (CPT), seismic dilatometer (SDMT), and pressuremeter tests (PMT). Disturbed sand samples retrieved at several depths of two boreholes were reconstituted to simulate the in-situ deposited condition using a slurry method. Thereafter, the drained triaxial compression (TX) and the resonant column (RC) tests were also conducted. The elastic modulus obtained through the application of the TX and PMT results to conventional methods led to the underestimation of the in-situ values, because the inherent characteristics of the natural sands were not considered. Thus, the non-linear modulus degradation curves were constructed using the modulus degradation from the TX, RC, PMT, and the in-situ maximum shear modulus from SDMT. Thereafter, the modulus at 25% failure stress strength was re-evaluated. The re-evaluated values from the TX were in good agreement with those from the PMT, using the unloading curves and with the existing empirical equation based on the seismic CPT. Finally, a CPT-compatible empirical formula for the deformation modulus at 25% failure strength was proposed.     

水准式光电测距三角高程的再认识与反思

传统的水准式光电测距方法存在着理论上的缺陷,这种缺陷导致了测量精度的降低.从球面几何学的原理出发,探讨了水准式光电测距三角高程测量的原理,推导出了光电测距三角高程测量的严密计算公式,给出了水准式光电测距三角高程测量的实用计算公式.     

APPLICABILITY OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT FORMULAS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe selection of aPPropriate sediment transport fOrmulas under different flow and sedfornt conditions isimPoftant tO the sedimen tusPort and river morphologic stUdies of a river. There are numrousWlas published in professional joumals and summarized in sediment transPort texthooks. Mosttextbooks shy away from direct comPallsons of the accuracies of transPort formulas. ComPllted resultsbased on differnt transport formulas may differ significanly from each other and from …     

热力学基本关系式和化学势及过程的不可逆性浅析

本文从可逆过程有最大功出发，分析热力学基本关系式的适用体系，说明了化学势和过程不可逆性的物理意义。