Predicting wave run-up on rubble-mound structures using M5 model tree

Prediction of run-up level is a key task in design of the coastal structures. For the design of the crest level of coastal structures, the wave run-up level with a 2% exceedance probability, R_u2%, is most commonly used. In this study, the performance of M5 model tree for prediction of the wave run-up on rubble-mound structures was investigated. The main advantage of model trees, unlike the other soft computing tools, is their easier use and more importantly their understandable mathematical rules. Experimental data set of Van der Meer and Stam was used for developing model trees. The conventional governing parameters were selected as the input variables and the obtained results were compared with Van der Meer and Stam’s formula, recommended by the Coastal Engineering Manual (CEM, 2006). The predictive accuracy of the model tree approach was found to be superior to that of Van der Meer and Stam’s empirical formula. Furthermore, to judge the generalization capability of the model tree method, the model developed based on laboratory data set was validated with the prototype run-up measurements on the Zeebrugge breakwater, Belgium. Results show that the model tree is more accurate than empirical formulas and TS Fuzzy approach in estimating the full-scale run-up.     

地质岩心钻探现场泥浆专家系统设计

根据当前地质岩心钻探泥浆使用的技术要求,讨论了满足现场使用的泥浆专家系统的设计方法。建立了以地层分类为基础、以工程实例为依据的泥浆配方推导模式。构建了专用于本系统的地层信息数据库、配方实例数据库以及材料信息数据库等。可根据现场施工钻遇的不同地层,通过本软件迅速查询相应的工程实例配方和使用经验。同时,还可以查询相应泥浆材料的介绍、推荐加量、生产厂商等信息,以便更好地满足施工现场的需求。     

对岩石矿物分析第四版一书的建议

对书中一些特殊样品的制备方法提出建议;对切乔特经验缩分公式的科学性提出质疑,建议吐故纳新;指出HF—HCIO。法测二氧化硅存在严重的缺陷,建议用HF、H2SO4-V2O5法代替;指出酸溶一亚铁容量法测钒主要反应式不当,建议更正;在稀王水、稀盐酸介质中,活性炭吸附的金是单质金（为还原吸附）,而不是AuCl4,建议改正。     

两种突水系数计算公式的比较

《煤矿床水文地质、工程地质及环境地质勘查评价标准》和《煤矿防治水规定》中各给出了一个突水系数计算公式,分别称为公式（1）和公式（2）。比较发现,两个计算公式在参数的选择、规定的正常块段的l临界突水系数、安全系数、使用的方便程度4方面是不同的,并逐一进行了分析。然后以山西省临县新民煤矿1井田9号煤层的开采为例,进行了突水系数的计算。结果表明,采用公式（1）计算出的突水系数大于采用公式（2）计算出的突水系数;采用公式（1）计算,井田范围内9号煤开采全部处在带压开采临界区内;采用公式（2）计算,井田南部有一部分范围9号煤开采处在带压开采安全区内,井田北部大部分范围9号煤开采处在带压开采临界区内。最后指出．在计算突水系数时,水文地质条件简单、含水层富水性较弱、补给条件差的矿区,选择公式（1）;水文地质条件复杂、含水层富水性较强、补给条件好的矿区．可以选择公式（2）。     

Topography-adjusted solar radiation indices and their importance in hydrology

Abstract

Solar radiation, direct and diffuse, is affected by surface characteristics, such as slope, aspect, altitude and shading. The paper examines the effects of topography on radiation, at multiple spatiotemporal scales, using suitable geometric methods for the direct and diffuse components. Two indices are introduced for comparing the direct radiation received by areas at the same and different latitudes. To investigate the profile of direct radiation across the whole of Greece, these are evaluated from an hourly to annual basis, via GIS techniques. Moreover, different approaches are examined for estimating the actual global radiation at operational spatial scales (sub-basin and terrain), according to the available meteorological data. The study indicates that the errors of typical hydrometeorological modelling formulas, which ignore the topographic effects and the seasonal allocation of direct and diffuse radiation, depend on the spatial scale and are non-uniformly distributed in time. In all cases, the estimations are improved by applying the proposed adjustment approaches. In particular, the adjustment of the measured global radiation ensures up to 10% increase of efficiency, while the modified Angström formula achieves slight (i.e. 2–4%) increase of efficiency and notable reduction of bias.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Mamassis, N., Efstratiadis, A. and Apostolidou, I.-G., 2012. Topography-adjusted solar radiation indices and their importance in hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 756–775.     

A comparative study on a simple two-parameter monthly water balance model and the Kajiyama formula for monthly runoff estimation

ABSTRACT

A two-parameter monthly water balance model to simulate runoff can be used for a water resources planning programme and climate impact studies. However, the model estimates two parameters of transformation of time scale (c) and of the field capacity (SC) by a trial-and-error method. This study suggests a modified methodology to estimate the parameters c and SC using the meteorological and geological conditions. The modified model is compared with the Kajiyama formula to simulate the runoff in the Han River and International Hydrological Programme representative basins in South Korea. We show that the estimated c and SC can be used as the initial or optimal values for the monthly runoff simulation study in the model.

EDITOR M.C. Acreman; ASSOCIATE EDITOR S. Kanae     

利用钻孔应变观测数据测定大震震级

尝试对敦化地震台YRY-4型钻孔应变仪记录的应变地震波持续时间进行研究,以中国地震台网统一地震目录Ms≥7震级为参考震级,用最小二乘法求得参考震级公式：MF-P=1.92＋1.48 lg（F-P）.通过验证,公式有意义,为现阶段应变地震波的应用找到一条路径.     

Sea ice thickness measurement in spring season in Bothnian Bay using an electromagnetic induction instrument

As an important component of the cryosphere,sea ice is very sensitive to the climate change.The study of the sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness.This paper presents an electromagnetic-induction(EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently,and the successful application in Bothnian Bay.Based on the electromagnetic field theory and the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater,EM technique can detect the distance between the instrument and the ice/water interface accurately,than the sea ice thickness is obtained.Contrastive analysis of the apparent conductivity data obtained by EM and the value of drill-hole at same positions allows a construction of a transformable formula of the apparent conductivity to sea ice thickness.The verification of the sea ice thickness calculated by this formula indicates that EM technique is able to get reliable sea ice thickness with average relative error of only 12%.The statistic of all ice thickness profiles shows that the level ice distribution in Bothnian Bay was 0.4-0.6 m.     

矩形沟埋涵洞顶部垂直土压力试验和理论研究

针对无黏性填土,通过模型试验和理论分析的方法研究矩形沟埋刚性涵洞顶部的垂直土压力。考虑胸腔土体的作用,建立了沟埋涵洞土压力的计算模型和计算公式,结果表明,计算值与试验值相吻合。沟槽宽度等于涵洞外径时,洞顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大呈单调减小的变化规律;沟槽宽度大于涵洞外径时,洞顶土压力系数随填土高度的增大呈先增后减的变化规律;洞顶填土厚度等于初始等沉面高度时,土压力系数最大。槽洞宽比加大时,土压力系数、等沉面高度按双曲线规律增大,7倍洞径的沟槽宽度近似为沟埋式涵洞和上埋式涵洞的临界槽宽。填土内摩角增大时,土压力系数增大。洞顶填土厚度增大,等沉面高度减小。