Impacts of future land cover and climate change on the water balance in northern Iran

We evaluated the potential impacts of future land cover change and climate variability on hydrological processes in the Neka River basin, northern Iran. This catchment is the main source of water for the intensively cultivated area of Neka County. Hydrological simulations were conducted using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. An ensemble of 17 CMIP5 climate models was applied to assess changes in temperature and precipitation under the moderate and high emissions scenarios. To generate the business-as-usual scenario map for year 2050 we used the Land Change Modeler. With a combined change in land cover and climate, discharge is expected to decline in all seasons except the end of autumn and winter, based on the inter-model average and various climate models, which illustrated a high degree of uncertainty in discharge projections. Land cover change had a minor influence on discharge relative to that resulting from climate change.     

Effects of soil physico-chemical properties on stream bank erosion induced by seepage in northeastern Iran

Internal erosion in composite stream banks can have negative effects on agricultural lands due to seepage, which can be affected by soil properties. We document the effects of physical and chemical properties of bank materials on the dimensions of cavities caused by internal erosion along the middle reach of the Atrak River. The goals were to (1) identify physico-chemical soil factors, (2) select significant factors affecting cavity dimensions, and (3) identify soil properties that could be used as indicators for future soil quality conservation programmes. Soil samples from nine locations with, on average, 25 cavities per 100 m, along a 50-km reach of the river were analysed. Using discriminant and factor analyses, five principal soil factors were identified, among which soil dispersion and Ca²⁺ content most influenced cavity dimensions. The sodium adsorption ratio and total dissolved salts for the non-cohesive layer were found to be the most important quality-related properties.     

Millennial-scale variability in the local radiocarbon reservoir age of south Florida during the Holocene

A growing body of research suggests that the marine environments of south Florida provide a critical link between the tropical and high-latitude Atlantic. Changes in the characteristics of water masses off south Florida may therefore have important implications for our understanding of climatic and oceanographic variability over a broad spatial scale; however, the sources of variability within this oceanic corridor remain poorly understood. Measurements of ΔR, the local offset of the radiocarbon reservoir age, from shallow-water marine environments can serve as a powerful tracer of water-mass sources that can be used to reconstruct variability in local-to regional-scale oceanography and hydrology. We combined radiocarbon and U-series measurements of Holocene-aged corals from the shallow-water environments of the Florida Keys reef tract (FKRT) with robust statistical modeling to quantify the millennial-scale variability in ΔR at locations with (“nearshore”) and without (“open ocean”) substantial terrestrial influence. Our reconstructions demonstrate that there was significant spatial and temporal variability in ΔR on the FKRT during the Holocene. Whereas ΔR was similar throughout the region after ∼4000 years ago, nearshore ΔR was significantly higher than in the open ocean during the middle Holocene. We suggest that the elevated nearshore ΔR from ∼8000 to 5000 years ago was most likely the result of greater groundwater influence associated with lower sea level at this time. In the open ocean, which would have been isolated from the influence of groundwater, ΔR was lowest ∼7000 years ago, and was highest ∼3000 years ago. We evaluated our open-ocean model of ΔR variability against records of local-to regional-scale oceanography and conclude that local upwelling was not a significant driver of open-ocean radiocarbon variability in this region. Instead, the millennial-scale trends in open-ocean ΔR were more likely a result of broader-scale changes in western Atlantic circulation associated with an increase in the supply of equatorial South Atlantic water to the Caribbean and shifts in the character of South Atlantic waters resulting from variation in the intensity of upwelling off the southwest coast of Africa. Because accurate estimates of ΔR are critical to precise calibrations of radiocarbon dates from marine samples, we also developed models of nearshore and open-ocean ΔR versus conventional ¹⁴C ages that can be used for regional radiocarbon calibrations for the Holocene. Our study provides new insights into the patterns and drivers of oceanographic and hydrologic variability in the Straits of Florida and highlights the value of the paleoceanographic records from south Florida to our understanding of Holocene changes in climate and ocean circulation throughout the Atlantic.     

水生蔬菜对富营养化水体净化及资源化利用

通过采用水生蔬菜水芹和豆瓣菜作为生态浮床栽培材料,对其净化富营养化水体的效果及其处理后的品质等方面进行研究.结果表明,水生蔬菜不仅能在富营养化水体中正常生长,还对富营养化水体有较强净化能力,且净化能力随着处理时间的延长而提高.处理20d,水芹对富营养化水体中的TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、COD_(Mn)、Chl.a的去除率分别达到76.86%、69.39%、90.45%、95.03%和89.81%;豆瓣菜对富营养化水体中的TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、COD_(Mn)、Chl.a的去除率分别达到78.27%、67.95%、89.98%、95.38%和91.28%.水芹和豆瓣菜不仅能显著改善富营养化水体的水质,且没有产生硝酸盐及重金属富集,符合食用标准;还能产生一定的经济效益.     

CCD measurements of visual double stars at Calar Alto

342 CCD measurements of relative positions and magnitude differences for 145 visual double stars are presented. Observations were carried out at the 1.23m telescope of the German‐Spanish Astronomical Center at Calar Alto (Spain), all of them in V and R photometric bands.     

基于SPEI的近百年天津地区气象干旱时空演变特征

基于1921—2016年天津地区降水、气温观测数据,对全球降水气候中心降水(GPCC-P)、东英吉利大学气候研究中心气温(CRU-T)进行适用性评估后发现GPCC-P和CRU-T均能较好地反映天津地区降水和气温的变化。在此基础上,进一步利用GPCC-P、CRU-T计算的标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)分析天津地区近百年干旱时空演变特征并判断其未来变化趋势。结果表明：(1)天津干旱主要发生于1940年代初期、1990年代末和2000年代初期,四季均以轻旱和中旱为主,干旱高频季节由秋、冬季逐渐转为春、夏季。(2)天津全区SPEI气候趋势在6个时期除秋季整体呈“升、降、升”分布特征外,春、夏、冬季均表现为“升、降”的分布特征,且夏季下降趋势最为显著,1961—2010年宁河每10 a下降0.30。(3)1921—1970、1931—1980、1941—1990年天津春、冬季湿润化趋势由降水主导,而夏、秋季则由气温和降水协同影响;1951—2000、1961—2010、1971—2016年春季干旱趋势主要受气温影响,夏、冬季则为气温和降水协同影响,随着全球变暖,气温升高对干旱的影响逐渐增强。(4...     

气候变暖条件下,中(高)亚洲地区不稳定型冻土的巨大挑战和创新解决方案:——来自首届亚洲冻土大会及会后青藏高原考察的总结报告

首届亚洲冻土大会于2006年8月5~16日在兰州、青藏线和拉萨顺利召开.大会讨论主要包括以下5个议题:1)冻土工程;2)山区和高原冻融灾害及冰缘环境;3)冰冻圈的气候与环境条件;4)冻土水文、寒区水资源及土地利用,和;5)冻土监测、制图及模拟.国内论文大多集中于青藏铁路各种科技创新和工程(示范)建设方面.中亚冻土分类、制图和监测研讨会明确了制定统一的中亚地区冻土图的计划和实施方案.会议期间,国内主要新闻媒体对全球15位著名冻土学家进行了联合采访.大约80位中外代表参加了青藏(公)铁路沿线考察,并于8月15日在拉萨举行青藏铁路工程和环境问题讨论会.专家一致认为,青藏铁路所采取的冻土工程措施基本上是恰当、有效的,能够保证青藏铁路路基的长期稳定性.但是,沿线寒区环境保护问题还任重道远,需要尽快进行综合管(治)理,以达到青藏地区社会经济和谐、持续发展的目标.     

雅鲁藏布江流域1978-2009年气候时空变化及未来趋势研究

利用1 km 分辨率DEM数据及ArcHydro Tools 提取了雅鲁藏布江流域边界, 明确给出了该流域具体的地理边界及空间范围. 依据雅鲁藏布江流域范围内及周边39个气象站点1978-2009年近32 a逐年气象数据, 综合运用GIS空间插值技术及气象统计分析方法, 对雅鲁藏布江流域气候(着眼于降水和气温指标)时空变化特征及未来变化趋势进行了研究. 结果表明: 1978-2009年间流域范围内多年平均降水大致趋势为由西至东逐步增加, 年平均降水量以7.935 mm·(10a)^-1的速度缓慢增加. 流域多年平均气温大致由河源至下游逐渐升高, 河谷腹地至流域边界处逐渐降低, 并出现了以拉萨、乃东为中心的局部高温带; 近32 a流域年平均气温增加2.2 ℃, 增加幅度达到0.489 ℃·(10a)^-1, 高于全球及全国同期增温速率. 近10 a间, 流域平均降水以 -139 mm·(10a)^-1的速度显著减少, 气温则以1.14 ℃·(10a)^-1的速度增加, 整个流域气候呈现暖干趋势. 利用R/S分析法预测得知, 流域年降水量可能出现短时间的减少波动, 但未来较长一段时间内, 流域降水及气温仍将保持增加趋势, 流域气候呈现暖湿化趋势.     

刚果（金）加丹加省堪苏祁铜钴矿床铜钴矿物赋存状态研究

堪苏祁铜钴矿床是中非铜带刚果（金）境内近年发现的氧化程度较高的铜钴矿床之一。对堪苏祁铜钴矿床矿石组构、矿石共生组合及矿物特征研究表明,矿石内主要铜钴矿物为孔雀石、羟水铜氯矿、水钴矿、菱钴矿,硫化物含量极少。铜的赋存形式有自由氧化铜、硫化铜、结合氧化铜3种,钴的赋存形式有自由氧化钴和结合氧化钴2种。铜钴矿物的形成、富集与热液成矿作用和表生氧化作用关系密切。     

阿勒泰地区冬季极端最低气温变化分析

采用气候分析的方法,全面分析研究近49 年阿勒泰地区冬季(11～3月)极端最低气温的区域分布为东低西高,最低值出现大部在12月和1月;并且60年代的冬季在这两个月均最冷;阿勒泰地区冬季平均极端最低气温49年来呈增高趋势,H值均大于0.5,具有持续性,即过去的气温呈增高趋势在未来仍呈增高趋势。