The coastal ocean off Oregon and northern California during the 1997–8 El Niño

The evolution and decay of El Niño 1997–8 was observed in coastal waters off Oregon in a sequence of cruises along 44.6°N from the coast to more than 150 km offshore. Hydrographic observations were made during eleven cruises between July 1997 and April 1999 at stations on the Newport Hydrographic Line, which had been occupied regularly from 1961 to 1971. The data from the earlier decade provide a basis for defining ‘normal’ conditions and allow comparisons with the recent El Niño in terms of T, S, spiciness and geostrophic velocity. Independent of El Niño, the ocean in July 1997 was already anomalously warm offshore of 50 km and above 100 m. By September 1997 there were unambiguous indications of El Niño: isotherms and isohalines sloped down toward the coast indicating poleward flow over shelf and slope, and anomalously spicy water was present at the shelf-break. In November 1997 and February 1998 shelf-break waters were even warmer, and there was strong poleward flow inshore of 100 km, extending to depths greater than 200 m. The April 1998 section closely resembled that of April 1983 (another El Niño year) but by June 1998 the anomalies were mostly gone. November 1998 was near normal and the sections from subsequent cruises resemble the mean sections from 1961–1971.Four cruises between November 1997 and November 1998 included sampling at several latitudes between 38° and 45°N. As expected, these sections show significant alongshore gradients, but also a surprising degree of homogeneity in the anomalous features associated with El Niño (in the temperature, salinity, spiciness and geostrophic velocity fields). The anomalous signature of El Niño was stronger at its winter peak in 1998 than in 1983, but the signature in the temperature and spiciness fields, and in coastal sea level, did not persist as long as in 1983. By April 1999, the coastal ocean from 38°N to 45°N was significantly colder than it had been in April 1984.     

面向分类的高光谱遥感影像数据特性的研究

分析了高光谱遥感的特点、影像数据的应用现状,针对高光谱遥感影像处理、分类的现状及遇到的困难,对高光谱遥感影像数据的分类特性进行了深入的分析总结,对高光谱遥感影像分类的支持向量机方法进行了系统研究,并分析指出了支持向量机分类法的优越性,最后提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

基于现象教学法的“GIS常用软件应用”课程改革

"GIS常用软件应用"课程为GIS专业的一门专业课程。以"现象教学法"理念为指导,探讨GIS专业"GIS常用软件应用"课程的教学改革,包括教学内容、教学方式、考核方式的改革。实践表明:采用现象教学法既尊重学生的主体地位、培养学生学习兴趣,又提高学生的创新精神和团队合作意识,通过采用灵活的教学手段和教学内容可以显著提高教学效果。     

东海陆架区的温、盐度逆转现象(Ⅰ)

本文根据国家海洋局1975—1979年标准断面调查资料,对东海陆架区出现的温、盐度逆转现象进行定义和划分;通过统计分析得出,在东海陆架区出现两个逆转现象高频海区,一个位于江苏、浙江近海和外海的一狭长海域内,另一个位于济州岛以南和以西海域。通过对逆转现象成因的讨论认为,前者高频区主要是由于几个不同水团的叠置、交汇、相互作用的结果;由于气旋型涡旋的存在和黄海暖流水附近冷水块的出现而伴生的海水上升运动是导致后者高频区的因素。     

A correction technique for false topographic perception of remote-sensing images based on an inverse topographic correction technique

The false topographic perception phenomenon (FTPP) refers to the visual misperception in remote-sensing images that certain types of terrains are visually interpreted as other types in rugged lands, for example, valleys as ridges and troughs as peaks. For this reason, the FTPP can influence the visualization and interpretation of images to a great extent. To scrutinize this problem, the paper firstly reviews and tests the existing FTPP-correction techniques and identifies the inverse slope-matching technique as an effective approach to visually enhance remote-sensing images and retain the colour information. The paper then proposes an improved FTPP-correction procedure that incorporates other image-processing techniques (e.g. linear stretch, histogram matching, and flat-area replacement) to enhance the performance of this technique. A further evaluation of the proposed technique is conducted by applying the technique to various study areas and using different types of remote-sensing images. The result indicates the method is relatively robust and will be a significant extension to geovisual analytics in digital earth research.     

Uncertainty,entropy, scaling and hydrological stochastics. 2. Time dependence of hydrological processes and time scaling / Incertitude,entropie, effet d'échelle et propriétés stochastiques hydrologiques. 2. Dépendance temporelle des processus hydrologiques et échelle temporelle

Abstract

The well-established physical and mathematical principle of maximum entropy (ME), is used to explain the distributional and autocorrelation properties of hydrological processes, including the scaling behaviour both in state and in time. In this context, maximum entropy is interpreted as maximum uncertainty. The conditions used for the maximization of entropy are as simple as possible, i.e. that hydrological processes are non-negative with specified coefficients of variation and lag-one autocorrelation. In the first part of the study, the marginal distributional properties of hydrological processes and the state scaling behaviour were investigated. This second part of the study is devoted to joint distributional properties of hydrological processes. Specifically, it investigates the time dependence structure that may result from the ME principle and shows that the time scaling behaviour (or the Hurst phenomenon) may be obtained by this principle under the additional general condition that all time scales are of equal importance for the application of the ME principle. The omnipresence of the time scaling behaviour in numerous long hydrological time series examined in the literature (one of which is used here as an example), validates the applicability of the ME principle, thus emphasizing the dominance of uncertainty in hydrological processes.     

基于Gassmann方程岩石速度倒转现象成因分析

Gassmann理论主要用于处理流体替换问题,在进行流体替换研究中发现总会在一定情况下出现"倒转现象"。解释为在一定的孔隙度情况下,100%含气岩石速度大于100%含水岩石速度,这同岩石物理实验室测试结果相违背。因此针对不同的岩样数据及测井资料,图示分析了完全饱和岩石速度倒转成因,发现替换后饱和岩石密度差异过大会造成此现象。同时在对碳酸盐岩储层岩石进行了饱和度替换数值模拟后发现,模拟结果同实验室测试数据趋势一致,只是碳酸盐岩对孔隙度大小分类不同。因此强调了流体替换正演模拟的重要性,在一定物理意义下的替换才有实际价值。     

海域岛礁地基岩体不良地质现象及精细化勘察

以舟山大陆连岛工程西堠门大桥为背景,研究了主塔基老虎山地基岩体缓倾角裂隙、断层、海蚀作用形成的海蚀洞、海蚀缝等不良地质现象及其对桥基稳定性的影响,分析了单孔声波和地震波测试、跨孔声波CT、压水试验、现场大剪试验、数字钻孔摄像等方法在该工程的应用,取得一系列定量的确定的地质结构参数,提出精细化勘察的概念,后期工程施工验证了精细化勘察资料的正确合理性。     

阿克苏地区的一种特殊地质现象

在新疆阿克苏柯坪—巴楚314国道路碑标记1 145.5 km处二号硫磺沟发现了一种现代的特殊地质现象:这种现象的构造形态主要呈圆台状,其上部是块状灰岩或胶结程度较高的泥砾,下部由地层风化剥蚀物组成,它们像是从地面长出来的竹笋,所以就把这种特殊的地质现象称为泥笋。到目前为止,在该地区还没有人报道过这种现象。它是一种有成因和演变意义的地质现象。通过对其形成条件及过程的研究得出这种特殊地质现象的发育环境是水文过程和气候演变的记录。所以,对它们的研究,对研究当地现代气候具有一定意义。     

The Relation between Tectonic Movement and Climatic Change

1SeesawphenomenonofoceaniccrustSince 1996, Yoshino etal.(2002) have been us-ing the space geodetic techniques to observe crustal deformation at four sites in Tokyo metropolitan area. It is called Keystone project (KSP). At the end of June in 2000, volcanic and seismic events star-ted at Izu islands, south of Tokyo. Following the ev-ent, extraordinary crustal deformation was observed not only around the Izu islands, but also at the Key-stone network, where the closest site is over 100…