PAPPA: Primordial anisotropy polarization pathfinder array

The primordial anisotropy polarization pathfinder array (PAPPA) is a balloon-based instrument to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background and search for the signal from gravity waves excited during an inflationary epoch in the early universe. PAPPA will survey a 20° × 20° patch at the North Celestial Pole using 32 pixels in 3 passbands centered at 89, 212, and 302 GHz. Each pixel uses MEMS switches in a superconducting microstrip transmission line to combine the phase modulation techniques used in radio astronomy with the sensitivity of transition-edge superconducting bolometers. Each switched circuit modulates the incident polarization on a single detector, allowing nearly instantaneous characterization of the Stokes I, Q, and U parameters. We describe the instrument design and status.     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震震源区背景噪声源特征分析

应用背景噪声互相关信息研究强震前后地下介质波速变化时,噪声源的方位性特征会影响互相关函数形态,从而对波速变化有效估计造成影响。本文使用2013年芦山M_S7.0地震震源区附近的天全台(TQU)2013年全年的连续波形记录,计算其垂直分量的噪声功率谱概率密度函数,分析背景噪声源能量强度特征;并通过频域极化法计算噪声源极化率以及极化方位角的概率密度函数,研究噪声源的极性特征。结果表明,研究区小于0.05Hz的长周期噪声源种类较多,且具有噪声能量强度和极化程度较高、极化方位性明显的特点;第一类地脉动(0.05～0.1Hz)极化方位角为30°和210°,噪声能量较低;第二类地脉动(0.1～0.5Hz)极化方位角分布在150°～210°,噪声能量较高,且其能量强度具有季节性变化特征;大于1Hz的高频噪声主要来自人类活动,噪声能量水平受人类活动强弱影响明显。因此,即使在远离海洋的大陆地区,在利用背景噪声监测局部波速变化时,应注意噪声强度以及噪声源方向性变化的影响。     

地-井方位激电观测异常特征研究

为系统了解地-井方位激电异常特征,利用有限单元法对地-井方位激电观测在立方体、板状体等典型地电异常体上的响应进行正演计算,分析了异常体位置、方位距离等变化对观测的影响规律,讨论了地形、钻孔本身对地-井方位观测的影响等.研究结果表明地-井方位观测是探测井旁和井底盲矿体行之有效的方法,利用不同方位上的异常曲线特征,遵循异常场定性分析和"先井口、后其它方位"的分析方法,可大致确定异常体的电性特征和空间展布;地形和钻孔本身对地-井方位观测的影响主要集中在浅部区域.     

Crustal seismic anisotropy in Yunnan, Southwestern China

Using seismic data recorded by Yunnan Telemetry Seismic Network from January 1, 2000, to May 31, 2005, the polarization directions of fast shear waves are obtained at 15 seismic stations by SAM technique, which is a systematic analysis method on shear-wave splitting. The results show that predominant directions of polarizations of fast shear waves at most stations are mainly nearly in the N–S or NNW directions in Yunnan. The predominant polarization directions of fast shear waves at stations located on the active faults are consistent with the strike of active faults, directions of regional principal compressive strains from GPS measurement, and directions of regional principal compressive stress. A few of the stations show that polarization patterns of fast shear waves are more complicated or inconsistent with the strike of active faults and the directions of principal GPS compressive strains; these stations are always located at the junction of several faults. We conclude that the predominant polarization direction of fast shear waves indicates that the direction of the in situ maximum principal compressive stress is controlled by multiple tectonic aspects, such as the regional stress field and faults.     

柯西波场及在角度域成像条件中的应用

角度域成像道集是叠前深度偏移的重要输出结果,它是偏移速度分析、各向异性分析和AVA分析等研究工作的基础.目前存在的角度域成像道集的生成方法受计算效率或角度分辨率的影响,仍然满足不了实际生产的要求.角度域成像道集的生成方法可以大致分为直接法和间接法两大类.在直接方法中,波矢量方向计算和局部平面波分解是两个最重要的内容,它们共同决定角度域成像条件的实现效率和角度域成像道集的质量.为了完善现有的角度域成像道集生成方法,本文提出一种新的波矢量计算方法和局部平面波分解方法.本文先用波动方程任意时刻的柯西条件构造一个只含原波场负频率成分的柯西波场,然后根据柯西波场在时间波数域的振幅谱计算波场的波矢量方向.该方法仅在需要计算波矢量方向的时刻合成柯西波场,不需要增加额外的数据读写操作,是一种高效的波矢量计算方法.本文还以柯西波场为基础提出一种高效的局部平面波分解方法,保证角度域成像条件的实现效率.结合柯西波场和局部平面波分解方法,本文最后给出一种新的角度域成像方法.文中最后的数值实验证明该方法得到的角度域成像道集具有理想的角度分辨率,可以反映地下构造的角度照明情况.     

时间域航空电磁法激电效应对电磁扩散的影响

由于激发极化效应的影响,时间域航空电磁晚期道信号经常会出现变号现象.基于电阻率的传统反演方法无法对变号数据进行正确反演,因此通常在数据处理中予以剔除.为深入了解极化介质的电磁扩散特征,认识航空瞬变电磁负响应的产生机理,本文研究时间域航空电磁系统的电磁扩散特征.我们以均匀极化、非极化半空间及层状介质模型为例,通过直接积分的方法求解频率域电场响应,并由欧姆定律得到电流响应,再经过汉克尔变换得到时间域电流响应.通过研究电流随时间在地下极化介质中的传播特征研究电磁扩散过程;通过对比不同激电参数对电磁扩散的影响,研究极化介质中感应电流与极化电流的扩散规律,从而合理地解释极化介质中负响应的产生机理.基于本文研究和分析结果,可加深对时间域航空电磁法中激电效应的认识.     

Mechanism Analysis of GPS-IR Technology Based on SNR

The available research on technology mechanism of reflected wave reception, the use of the SNR observations of low elevating angle and the form of SNR residuals for GPS-IR is not clear enough, and they are almost interpreted by experiments. This paper analyzed the GPS-IR technology mechanism from the aspects of theories and experiments. The right hand circular polarized wave transmitted by GPS satellite is partly converted into left hand circular polarized wave after one reflection, and the conversion ratio increases with the increase of satellite elevating angle and dielectric constant. When the right hand circular polarized wave is perpendicular to the surface of the perfect conductor, it can be all converted into left hand circular polarized wave after a reflection; At the same time, in the case of the measuring GPS receiver equipped with the baffle plate, because of the diffraction phenomenon, the antenna of the measuring GPS receiver can still receive the right hand circular polarized wave in the reflected signal. When the elevating angle is smaller or the dielectric constant of the reflector is larger, the less GPS incident wave energy of vertically polarized wave and parallel polarized wave is transmitted to the reflector. The more intense the reflected wave is, the worse the SNR is affected by the reflected wave, and there are more right hand circular polarized waves that can be received. Therefore, the GPS-IR uses the SNR observations of low elevating angle (such as under 30°). When the elevating angle changes and the range is smaller, the SNR residuals sequence is approximately "cosine curve", and thus, an inversion model based on SNR residuals is established.     

Characterization of electrical properties of organic-rich shales at nano/micro scales

A new experimental protocol is explored to characterize electrical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing mudrocks at nano/micro scales. Two current flow regimes of peak force - tunneling atomic force microscopy (PF-TUNA) have been used: (1) the vertical out-of-plane current regime with hundred micrometer diameter top electrodes obtains homogenized conductivity quantitatively, (2) the horizontal in-plane current regime was shown powerful to visualize the conductive paths (related to connectivity and tortuosity) for heterogeneous and anisotropic shales. Results show that the approach works well with one to two layers of adsorbed water (25–55% relative humidity) under low frequency (0.5–20 Hz) for shale rocks. Current maps with sub-nanometer resolution emphasize the dominant role of hydrated ions associated with the hydrophilic clay minerals in driving the dielectric response of shales, while conductivity of pyrite and kerogen cannot be neglected for mature organic-rich shale conductive network. The acquired I-V curves at microscale provide a reliable mean to evaluate homogenized conductivity of such multiscale multi-component heterogeneous material under controlled environmental conditions. The procedure discussed herein serves as a complement for fine grained rocks and minerals of ionic-electronic hybrid conductive mechanism under partially water saturation. These results can be used to develop accurate electrical models, specifically for shale rocks with heterogeneous and sophisticated microstructure. The methodology can be also extended to other micro- or meso-porous geomaterials such as cementitious and bituminous nanoporous media.     

四川紫坪铺水库库区地震剪切波分裂研究

本研究利用四川紫坪铺水库数字地震台网2004年8月17日~2008年5月11日的地震观测波形资料,使用剪切波分裂SAM系统分析方法,获得了四川紫坪铺水库库区8个数字地震台站的快剪切波偏振结果.结果表明,紫坪铺库区台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向主要为NE或NW方向;台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域主压应力方向或活动断裂走向一致;快剪切波偏振方向变化可能与汶川大地震前区域应力场的增加和龙门山断裂带微破裂增加有关,慢剪切波时间延迟的变化与四川紫坪铺水库水位升降变化相关.