Human and Environmental Factors Affect Patterns of Crop Diversity in an Ethiopian Highland Agroecosystem

The Ethiopian highlands are a center of diversity for numerous globally important crops. Heterogeneous landscapes, traditional agricultural practices, and inaccessibility have created and maintained diverse subsistence agroecosystems. We surveyed sixty-three farms in twelve communities of the Gamo highlands and found high levels of on-farm diversity of crop species and varieties. The extent and nature of this diversity are related to both ecological factors, namely elevation, and anthropogenic factors such as land-use history, accessibility to markets and extension, and strength and scale of farmer exchange networks. These human landscape features have the potential to both enhance and mediate effects of elevation and other environmental factors on crop diversity. The interaction of environmental and anthropogenic forces on the diversity of crops grown by farmers affects the strategies farmers employ to adapt their farming to changing conditions.     

Rapid generation of Digital Elevation Models from topographic maps

Abstract

In this article we demonstrate that substantial gains in time can be made when using point sampling rather than contour line digitising for generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A simple sampling scheme, based on regularly distributed points, was used supplemented with points near break-lines in the terrain. An evaluation of surfaces created with three different interpolation methods at three different resolutions shows that the statistical distribution was better when using points as opposed to contours, and that the accuracy was comparable despite the much smaller amount of input data.     

Dark side of the planet: hidden dimensions of urban agglomeration

ABSTRACT

This intervention probes the hidden, political dimensions of planetary urbanization. Drawing on political theory, it approaches its analysis through the analytic of ‘the political,’ the dimension in which antagonism performs a constitutive function in the social order. In doing so the intervention throws into relief the ways in which group-based differentiation, conflict, and exclusion establish the conditions of possibility for ongoing transformations of urban agglomeration. It then develops a case for further exploring intersections of the political and capitalist agglomeration to generate new knowledge about current mutations in urban economies of space.     

LOCATING EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN URBAN AREAS TO MINIMIZE TRAVEL TIME

The transportation requirements of an urban area are, in part, a function of its land use pattern. Reducing travel in an urban area by effective land use design appears to be a worthwhile public policy objective. The planning model derived in this article uses as its core the matrix version of the Lowry model developed by Garin. The model allocates basic employment to the zones of an urban area in order to minimize work and service trips. A hypothetical planning problem for Metropolitan Toronto illustrates use of the model.     

主体功能区情景下的土地系统变化模拟

主体功能区要求对国土实施相对严格的空间管制措施,以实现资源生态和社会经济发展的协调。选择黑龙江省哈大齐(哈尔滨-大庆-齐齐哈尔)地区为研究案例,以CLUE-S模型模拟了两种情景下的未来土地系统变化情况,结果表明,在不实施任何空间管制措施的情景下,耕地对草地的蚕食将延续,生态功能持续降低;而在主体功能区建设的情景下,居民地将大幅度扩展,且主要占用盐碱地,同时保持了耕地和生态用地的安全,在一定程度上可缓解土地利用冲突,优化土地利用结构和国土开发格局。     

信息物理系统研究与应用综述

信息物理系统是以信息世界与物理世界的紧密结合为显著特征的,集计算、通信与控制为一体的网络系统。首先介绍信息物理系统的起源与发展。比较分析几个比较有代表性的信息物理系统定义,给出对信息物理系统的概念的理解与定义。在文献梳理的基础上,总结信息物理系统的主要特征。简要介绍3个典型的信息物理系统应用方案,即智能电网、生物与医疗、智能高速公路与无人驾驶。最后总结信息物理系统研究与应用中所面临的挑战,提出今后信息物理系统可能的研究热点。为更好地了解信息物理系统相关知识,为信息物理系统领域的研究提供有价值的参考。     

一种无线数据传输接口及控制装置

本文介绍一种无线数据传接口及控制装置。装置中采用计算机软件实现串—并、并—串变换及频率调制、其硬件成本低廉,工作可靠,可用于速率为50、300、600或1200bps的数传通信。     

Comparative analysis of fuzzy inference systems for water consumption time series prediction

Two types of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are used for predicting municipal water consumption time series. The FISs used include an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a Mamdani fuzzy inference systems (MFIS). The prediction models are constructed based on the combination of the antecedent values of water consumptions. The performance of ANFIS and MFIS models in training and testing phases are compared with the observations and the best fit model is identified according to the selected performance criteria. The results demonstrated that the ANFIS model is superior to MFIS models and can be successfully applied for prediction of water consumption time series.     

黑河流域水资源系统演变和人类活动影响

黑河流域降水集中于山区,平原稀少。50多年来,除了20世纪70—80年代上游的中东部地区降水偏多外,其它区域为正常变化;蒸发量从山区向平原逐渐增大,除了中游蒸发量显示稳定变化外,山区和下游区表现为减少趋势;黑河多年出山径流量呈现稳定变化,但在中下游盆地间的正义峡水文站,径流量自20世纪80年代中期以来,出现了非常明显的减少过程:这是受到中游地区地下水开采量增加、补给量减少和水位下降的影响,主要是中游地区人口数量增多、大规模扩耕灌溉和水工建设作用的结果。计算表明,人类活动影响强度:20世纪50年代占18%,60—70年代占28%,80—90年代占54%;上游占1%,中游占87%,下游占12%。这说明黑河中游80—90年代是人类活动影响强度达到最大的地区。因此,提出了充分认识流域水资源系统演变规律性,约束人类活动的影响,均衡保护利用流域水资源的有关建议。     

Geomatics 与数字地球

本文论述了Geomatics的内涵及特点,强调了数字地球是真实地球的数字化再现,是信息高度富集的统一体,是当代科学技术高度发展的产物,也是人类资源共享的一种概念模式.两者包含了地球系统的相关内容,并以3S等技术为支撑.知识经济时代对地理学提出了诸多问题,人类必须从全球的角度研究一系列资源环境问题,以保证全球性可持续发展战略的实施.