Extended finite element framework for fault rupture dynamics including bulk plasticity

We present an explicit extended finite element framework for fault rupture dynamics accommodating bulk plasticity near the fault. The technique is more robust than the standard split‐node method because it can accommodate a fault propagating freely through the interior of finite elements. To fully exploit the explicit algorithmic framework, we perform mass lumping on the enriched finite elements that preserve the kinetic energy of the rigid body and enrichment modes. We show that with this technique, the extended FE solution reproduces the standard split‐node solution, but with the added advantage that it can also accommodate randomly propagating faults. We use different elastoplastic constitutive models appropriate for geomaterials, including the Mohr–Coulomb, Drucker–Prager, modified Cam‐Clay, and a conical plasticity model with a compression cap, to capture off‐fault bulk plasticity. More specifically, the cap model adds robustness to the framework because it can accommodate various modes of deformation, including compaction, dilatation, and shearing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diel stream geochemistry,Taylor Valley,Antarctica

Unlike temperate and polythermal proglacial streams, the proglacial streams in Taylor Valley (TV), Antarctica, are derived primarily from glacier surface melt with no subglacial or groundwater additions. Solute responses to flow reflect only the interaction of glacial meltwater with the valley floor surrounding the stream channel. We have investigated the major, minor and trace element 24‐h variations of two proglacial melt streams, Andersen Creek and Canada Stream, originating from the Canada Glacier in TV, Antarctica. Both streams exhibited diel mid‐austral summer diurnal flow variation, with maximum flow being more than 50 times the minimum flow. Dissolved (< 0.4 µm) major, minor and trace solute behaviors through diel periods were strongly controlled by the availability of readily solubilized material on the valley floor and hyporheic‐biological exchanges. Anderson Creek had generally greater solute concentrations than Canada Stream because of its greater receipt of eolian sediment. Andersen Creek also acquired greater solute concentrations in the rising limb of the hydrograph than the falling limb because of dissolution of eolian material at the surface of the stream channel coupled with minimal hyporheic‐biological exchange. Conversely, Canada Stream had less available eolian sediment, but a greater hyporheic‐biological exchange, which preferentially removed trace and major solutes in the rising limb and released them in the falling limb. Given the dynamic nature of discharge, eolian, and hyporheic‐biological processes, solute loads in TV streams are difficult to predict. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

局部区域模型重力异常快速算法

地球重力场位系数模型可以用于计算局部重力扰动场元。然而随着地球重力场模型阶次的提高、局域重力场计算范围的增大,其计算速度往往不能满足工程需求。针对这一问题,在对位系数模型泰勒级数展开的基础上提出了采用向量运算、混合编程的方法,同时对连带勒让德函数Belikov递推方法中与经纬度无关的量进行了预先计算,有效提高了计算速度。提出的方法对于利用超高阶次重力场模型快速解算大范围、高分辨率重力场元数据以及累加求和计算具有一定的参考与借鉴意义。     

Reconstructing fluvial bar surfaces from compound cross‐strata and the interpretation of bar accretion direction in large river deposits

The interpretation of fluvial styles from the rock record is based for a significant part on the identification of different types of fluvial bars, characterized by the geometric relationship between structures indicative of palaeocurrent and surfaces interpreted as indicative of bar form and bar accretion direction. These surfaces of bar accretion are the boundaries of flood‐related bar increment elements, which are typically less abundant in outcrops than what would be desirable, particularly in large river deposits in which each flood mobilizes large volumes of sediment, causing flood‐increment boundary surfaces to be widely spaced. Cross‐strata set boundaries, on the other hand, are abundant and indirectly reflect the process of unit bar accretion, inclined due to the combined effect of the unit bar surface inclination and the individual bedform climbing angle, in turn controlled by changes in flow structure caused by local bar‐scale morphology. This work presents a new method to deduce the geometry of unit bar surfaces from measured pairs of cross‐strata and cross‐strata set boundaries. The method can be used in the absence of abundant flood‐increment bounding surfaces; the study of real cases shows that, for both downstream and laterally accreting bars, the reconstructed planes are very similar to measured bar increment surfaces.     

Upper Maastrichtian shallow marine environments and neoselachian assemblages in North Iberian palaeomargin (Castilian Ramp,Spain)

Upper Maastrichtian deposits formed in a nearshore subtidal environment within the Valdenoceda Formation (Castilian Ramp, North Iberian margin) are described together with two recently found selachian assemblages. Rare earth element concentrations (REE) have been used to assess the degree of taphonomic mixing and reworking, observing that it is minor or non-existent, and differences in degree of preservation and ecologic mixing can be explained by biostratinomic processes. The patterns of REE also helped to obtain a better understanding of the depositional environment, including the diagenetic history from burial to final degree of bone preservation.The fossil assemblages here described are close to that of the late Maastrichtian of Albaina (in the enclave of Condado de Treviño, Burgos), both in the Basque-Cantabrian Region, but their age may be slightly older (early late Maastrichtian). In total, the new assemblages consist of 17 taxa, assigned to 11 genera of shallow-water dwellers combined with individuals from the outer shelf. They represent cosmopolitan taxa (Squalicorax pristodontus, Serratolamna serrata and Rhombodus binkhorsti) together with local species (Rhinobatos echavei, Rhinobatos ibericus). Although there are not significant differences between Albaina and Quintanilla la Ojada faunas, the new assemblages add interesting taphonomic and geochemical information to the few existing uppermost Cretaceous deposits with fossil sharks in southwestern Europe.     

无内标-多外标校正激光剥蚀等离子体质谱法测定磁铁矿微量元素组成

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)常用于磁铁矿原位微量元素分析,按照校正策略不同,主要分为内标法和无内标法。内标法需要用电子探针(EMPA)预先测定磁铁矿中内标元素Fe的含量,过程较繁琐,且待测元素含量会受到内标元素含量测定的影响。本文采用铁含量较高的玄武质玻璃BCR-2G、BIR-1G、BHVO-2G和GSE-1G作为外标,避免了内标元素含量的测定,建立了无内标-多外标校正LA-ICP-MS测定磁铁矿微量元素组成的分析方法。利用该方法测定了科马提岩玻璃GOR-128g和自然岩浆磁铁矿BC 28的微量元素组成以评估方法的可靠性。结果表明,科马提岩玻璃的测定结果与推荐值及前人内标法的测定值一致,多数元素的相对标准偏差RSD5%;自然岩浆磁铁矿的测定结果与推荐值相比,多数元素的RSD7%,低于前人内标法的RSD(15%)。由此说明无内标-多外标法可以实现富铁硅酸岩或磁铁矿微量元素含量的准确校正,克服了基体效应的影响。因此,无内标-多外标法是一种原位测定磁铁矿微量元素含量的快速、准确方法,具有一定的应用潜力。     

遥感综合信息在宁芜地区找矿预测中的应用

为了研究宁芜北段火山岩盆的矿产资源潜力及空间分布,本文以Landsat8中分辨率遥感数据及Pleiades1高分辨率遥感数据为数据源,综合运用目视解译法和多种遥感图像增强技术,结合区域成矿地质背景,对研究区进行了遥感影像解译,提取了与预测矿种密切相关的线、环、色、带、块遥感五要素。通过分析遥感五要素矿产地质特征与矿产点分布关系表明,研究区内的铁铜硫金矿床及星罗棋布的矿点大部分位于构造岩浆成矿亚带中,受区内北东向、东西向、北西向及其它断裂纵横交叉形成的断裂网格及火山机构控制,大多分布在数条断裂带交汇位置,另有一些分布在断裂带与环形构造的交汇处附近。基于主要的矿点受区内断裂网格及火山机构控制,遥感图像的综合地质信息特征与找矿目标紧密相联,说明了基于遥感图像的综合信息可以作为找矿预测的标志。     

贵州辐射雾的时空变化特征及其气象要素分析

选取2008—2012年贵州省3646站次的辐射雾天气过程,根据08时能见度大小将其划分为4级雾、3级雾、2级雾和1级雾四个等级,利用常规地面观测资料分析其时空变化特征,并根据辐射雾多发生区选取出修文、三穗和凤冈3个分布在贵州省高速干道上的站点,利用相应地面气象观测台站的逐日逐时实测气象要素资料,分析其不同等级的气象要素特征。结果表明:各等级辐射雾在10月—次年1月发生较多;空间分布呈"东多西少"格局,4级雾主要分布中心为修文和岑巩,其余等级辐射雾主要分布中心为三穗、凤冈、平塘、正安、松桃和锦屏;修文站的4级雾偏多与其平均相对湿度明显偏高、风速小于3 m/s和风向主要为偏东风相关性较高;三穗站和凤冈站的平均相对湿度与当日08时和前一日20时的气温差相对利于雾的生成,但其风速较小,垂直混合较弱,故其主要为较低等级雾。     

中国北方三流域河流—沙漠过渡带地表沉积物化学元素空间差异分析

通过对克里雅河、毛布拉格孔兑以及西拉木伦河三流域的河流-沙漠过渡带地表沉积物的7种常量氧化物以及15种微量元素进行因子分析,结果显示:三个流域之间或不同河段因子分析提取的公因子均可以概括为较稳定的铁锰矿物、较不稳定的长石类和方解石（白云石）类等硅酸盐矿物以及稳定的稀土元素和重矿物等类别;河流间因子分析结果表明,自西向东三个流域沿河地表沉积物的化学元素富集与迁移程度呈递增趋势,化学风化程度增强;流域内因子分析结果表明,自上游至下游,样点化学组成均愈变复杂,不同河段或不同河岸沉积物化学元素空间分布规律与其物源、地貌格局以及水分条件等因素有关;自河床至阶地,不同地貌单元地表沉积物化学元素呈相异的递变规律,这与在距离河道远近不同,物源、动力因素的分配不同有关。     

云南会泽铅锌矿床分散元素的富集机制——兼论浅色闪锌矿富集Cd的原因

文章对云南会泽铅锌矿床的黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿中的分散元素进行了电子探针分析(EMPA),探讨了分散元素的富集机制.结果表明,分散元素含量已达到综合利用指标,且富集规律为:分散元素以类质同象的形式赋存,黄铁矿中分散元素含量较低,而方铅矿中分散元素的含量稍高于闪锌矿.闪锌矿中:Cd富集顺序为红色＞杂色＞黑色,在高温阶段Cd置换Fe,低温阶段Cd置换Zn;Ga通过置换Zn进入闪锌矿,Ge可能主要替代Fe而进入闪锌矿晶格.方铅矿中:Cd和Ga元素置换Fe或Pb先进入方铅矿晶格内,Ge则富集较晚,具体表现为:当Ga含量较低时,元素进入方铅矿品格顺序为Fe,Zn→Cd→Ga,Ge,当Ga含量较高时,元素进入方铅矿品格的顺序依次为Cd,Ga→Ge.