中国区域蒸发潜力不均性发展趋势及其气候成因分析

气象台站20 cm蒸发皿观测资料自然正交分解显示,1980～2000年中国区域气温显著增加期间,长江中游至河套、东北等区域地表年蒸发潜力呈增加趋势;相反在长江以南、东部和西南等地区年蒸发潜力呈下降趋势.辐射观测资料分析结果表明,自20世纪70年代中国区域太阳入射能整体呈下降趋势,因此对于蒸发潜力增加的地区,太阳辐射产生...     

The extended N2 method taking into account higher mode effects in elevation

The N2 method has been extended in order to take into account higher mode effects in elevation. The extension is based on the assumption that the structure remains in the elastic range when vibrating in higher modes. The seismic demand in terms of displacements and storey drifts can be obtained by enveloping the results of basic pushover analysis and the results of standard elastic modal analysis. The approach is consistent with the extended N2 method used for plan‐asymmetric buildings. The proposed procedure was applied to three variants of three steel frame buildings used in the SAC project. The structural response was investigated for two sets of ground motions. Different ground motion intensities were used in order to investigate the influence of the magnitude of plastic deformations. The N2 results were compared with the results of nonlinear response‐history analysis, two other pushover‐based methods (modal pushover analysis (MPA) and modified MPA (MMPA)), and pushover analysis without consideration of higher modes. It was found that a considerable influence of higher modes on storey drifts is present at the upper part of medium‐and high‐rise structures. This effect is the largest in the case of elastic behaviour and decreases with ground motion intensity. The higher mode effects also depend on the spectral shape. The approximate methods (extended N2, MPA and MMPA) are able to provide fair estimates of response in the case of the test examples. Accuracy decreases with the height of the building, and with the intensity of ground motion. The N2 results are generally conservative. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空气潜孔锤钻进技术在豫西抗旱找水打井施工中的应用

空气潜孔锤在豫西山区、严重缺水的基岩地区抗旱找水打井施工中发挥出了优越性。介绍了空气潜孔锤钻进技术工艺在豫西抗旱找水打井工程施工中的实际应用及其操作要点、钻进技术优势。同时分别对断裂破碎带地层和较完整地层中的空气潜孔锤钻进技术的应用效果进行了深入探讨和总结。     

Associated terrestrial and marine fossils in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation, southern Maine, USA, and the marine reservoir effect on radiocarbon ages

Excavations in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation at Portland, Maine, uncovered tree remains and other terrestrial organics associated with marine invertebrate shells in a landslide deposit. Buds of Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar) occurred with twigs of Picea glauca (white spruce) in the Presumpscot clay. Tree rings in Picea logs indicate that the trees all died during winter dormancy in the same year. Ring widths show patterns of variation indicating responses to environmental changes. Fossil mosses and insects represent a variety of species and wet to dry microsites. The late-glacial environment at the site was similar to that of today's Maine coast. Radiocarbon ages of 14 tree samples are 11,907 ± 31 to 11,650 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP. Wiggle matching of dated tree-ring segments to radiocarbon calibration data sets dates the landslide occurrence at ca. 13,520 + 95/−20 cal yr BP. Ages of shells juxtaposed with the logs are 12,850 ± 65 ¹⁴C yr BP (Mytilus edulis) and 12,800 ± 55 ¹⁴C yr BP (Balanus sp.), indicating a marine reservoir age of about 1000 yr. Using this value to correct previously published radiocarbon ages reduces the discrepancy between the Maine deglaciation chronology and the varve-based chronology elsewhere in New England.     

Research for time-temperature equivalence effect of rock (I):Theory research

In order to know about the rheological properties of rock in a long range of the time scale,method of increasing temperature was brought forward to accelerate the rheological process of rock,which could extend the time scale of experimental test data.Firstly,based on the generalized linear viscoelastic constitutive equation with temperature variable,the creep behavior of rock was divided into three types according to the different strain dependences of the time,that is,Hookean deformation,Newtonian flow,and retarded elasticity.Then the general equivalence relationship between time parameter and temperature parameter was derived for each type of strain.Finally,the relation between time parameter and temperature parameter in the whole creep was considered and the general theory of time-temperature equivalence effect(TTEE) of rock was established.This research reveals: ①The temperature effect on the instantaneous strain could be modified through vertical shift.②The key point of the TTEE of Newtonian flow depends on whether in the study of linear viscoelastic behavior of rock change of temperature is completely equivalent to a shift of the logarithmic time scale or not.③By plotting the results of a creep experiment performed at different temperatures and comparing the curves obtained,one can decide whether the rock considered have TTEE.④The TTEE of the whole creep should satisfy that the horizontal shift function of Newtonian flow and retarded elasticity is consentaneous.     

裂隙岩体变形模量尺寸效应研究Ⅱ:解析法

通过分开考虑岩块和裂隙对岩体变形的贡献,研究了任意裂隙分布岩体等效变形模量的解析计算方法,并用正交裂隙岩体对该方法进行了验证,得到的结果和经典解析解完全一致。此外,通过该方法对锦屏Ⅱ级电站辅助洞中段随机裂隙岩体进行不同尺寸、不同方位下等效变形模量的计算,计算结果显示,随着岩体尺寸的增大,不同方位的变形模量值趋于稳定,该裂隙岩体变形模量的特征单元对(REV)尺寸为8 m,和有限元计算结果一致。结果表明该方法可以用来研究裂隙岩体等效变形模量尺寸效应和各向异性特性,研究成果对于裂隙岩体等效变形参数取值具有重要意义。     

饱和孔隙介质中非均匀震电平面波

采用描述地下流体饱和孔隙介质中弹性波与电磁场耦合现象的Pride方程组,利用Helmholtz分解,求解了非均匀震电耦合平面波解,推导了流体饱和孔隙介质中传播的非均匀震电平面波的能流表达式,讨论了非均匀震电平面波的能量特征.结果表明,非均匀震电平面波的平均能流在传播矢量和衰减矢量构成的平面内传播,伴随电磁场对纵波模式的能流没有贡献.当动电耦合系数为0时,震电平面波的能流表达式可退化为Biot弹性波的能流表达式。     

广元上寺剖面下三叠统飞仙关组风暴岩:巨型季风体制下的极端气候事件?

早三叠世扬子地台位于特提斯东北缘,研究者根据大量地质证据和模拟实验证实该时期巨型季风强度最大,且控制了整个泛大陆和周边海域的气候循环.笔者于川西北广元上寺剖面下三叠统中发现一套保存完好的风暴岩,其发育于飞仙关组下部,风暴沉积特征明显,风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造和层理构造发育;根据沉积构造、岩石性质等识别了Sa-Sb-S...     

陆面蒸散量观测方法比较分析及其影响因素研究

陆面蒸散是陆面水分平衡的主要分量,也是地球系统水分消耗的主要途径,但陆面蒸散量测量技术一直没有得到很好地解决.利用LOPEX试验区内陇中黄土高原定西陆面过程综合观测站的历史观测资料,在参考对照蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发量的基础上,对蒸渗计法、涡动相关法、彭曼方法等3种方法观测的陆面蒸散量的年变化特征进行了比较分析,发现各观测...     

复合采动边坡变形机理及稳定性评价

在边坡下采煤,井工开采不仅使边坡岩土体结构发生破坏,物理力学强度降低,同时还会引起边坡岩土体中的应力发生重分布,对露天边坡的变形及稳定性将产生较大影响.本文以山西平朔安太堡露天矿东帮边坡在B900工作面井采影响下的位移监测资料为基础,分析总结了露井联合开采条件下边坡变形规律及机理,并结合结构面组合判断、FLAC数值模拟...