Marine resources,biophysical processes,and environmental management of a tropical shelf seaway: Torres Strait,Australia–Introduction to the special issue

This special issue of Continental Shelf Research contains 20 papers giving research results produced as part of Australia's Torres Strait Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) Program, which was funded over a three-year period during 2003–2006. Marine biophysical, fisheries, socioeconomic-cultural and extension research in the Torres Strait region of northeastern Australia was carried out to meet three aims: 1) support the sustainable development of marine resources and minimize impacts of resource use in Torres Strait; 2) enhance the conservation of the marine environment and the social, cultural and economic well being of all stakeholders, particularly the Torres Strait peoples; and 3) contribute to effective policy formulation and management decision making. Subjects covered, including commercial and traditional fisheries management, impacts of anthropogenic sediment inputs on seagrass meadows and communication of science results to local communities, have broad applications to other similar environments.     

利用差分体像素CT由TWINS卫星ENA成像反演暴时环电流离子三维分布

本文将体像素CT方法应用于TWINS卫星高能中性原子立体成像数据,重建环电流离子通量强度三维分布.为了克服卫星ENA成像可能存在的仪器偏差造成反演误差增大甚至迭代发散无解的问题,发展了差分ENA体像素CT反演方法.采用环电流离子分布理论模型和实际卫星观测几何构形进行模拟检验,证明了该方法的可靠性和优越性.利用此方法分析2012年7月15日磁暴(min Dst=-133nT)主相期间TWINS两颗卫星的实测ENA数据(能量范围4keV~50keV),反演得到环电流离子微分通量随L值/纬度/地方时的三维分布与能谱.所得离子通量呈现显著不对称的部分环电流特征,主要分布在低纬-赤道区磁午夜前后至黎明前数小时,L值约为3.5~6.5的区域;将反演得到的磁午夜后赤道区环电流离子通量能谱,与THEMIS卫星当地测量得到的此区域同时的能谱作比较,两者符合得很好;证明本文发展的差分体像素CT是由多卫星ENA二维图像重建暴时环电流离子分布的有效方法.     

TRMM卫星降水数据在天山山区的校正方法研究

本文基于全球降水观测(Global Precipitation Measurement,GPM)及天山山区40个气象站点数据,提出了一种新的热带降水测量任务(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)卫星数据误差校正方法(MERGE),并与广泛使用的地理差异分析(Geographical Different Analysis,GDA)方法进行对比,通过交叉验证来评价两种方法对山区年/月降水的校正效果。结果表明,MERGE方法不仅能提高TRMM的空间分辨率(0.05°),且在年(平均Bias降低了21%)、月(平均Bias降低了37%)尺度上的校正结果都优于GDA方法;校正后TRMM降水的误差在不同月份存在很大差异,即在降水较多的雨季(4—10月)误差较大(MAE3mm),而在干季(11月至次年3月)误差较小(MAE3mm)。MERGE方法不仅能有效改善高海拔地区的降水误差(平均误差降低了59%),且对原始TRMM数据的依赖性较小(R2=0.47),即使在原始TRMM数据表现不佳的局部区域,也能有效降低其误差。     

Quantitative assessment of remotely sensed global surface models using various land classes produced from Landsat data in Istanbul

Digital elevation model(DEM) is the most popular product for three-dimensional(3D) digital representation of bare Earth surface and can be produced by many techniques with different characteristics and ground sampling distances(GSD). Space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imaging are two of the most preferred and modern techniques for DEM generation. Using them, global DEMs that cover almost entire Earth are produced with low cost and time saving processing. In this study, we aimed to assess the Satellite pour l'observation de la Terre-5(SPOT-5), High Resolution Stereoscopic(HRS), the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER), and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM) C-band global DEMs, produced with space-borne optical and SAR imaging. For the assessment, a reference DEM derived from 1∶1000 scaled digital photogrammetric maps was used. The study is performed in 100 km2 study area in Istanbul including various land classes such as open land, forest, built-up land, scrub and rough terrain obtained from Landsat data. The analyses were realized considering three vertical accuracy types as fundamental, supplemental, and consolidated, defined by national digital elevation program(NDEP) of USA. The results showed that, vertical accuracy of SRTM C-band DEM is better than optical models in all three accuracy types despite having the largest grid spacing. The result of SPOT-5 HRS DEM is very close by SRTM and superior in comparison with ASTER models.     

基于PR和VIRS融合资料的东亚台风和非台风降水结构分析

借助JAXA/EORC热带台风数据集资料,实现了台风区和非台风区的分离,在此基础上,利用热带测雨卫星搭载的测雨雷达和可见光/红外扫描仪的融合观测资料,对1998~2007年东亚雨季台风及非台风降水的气候特征和降水云红外信号特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)东亚台风降水强度谱较非台风降水谱更宽,特别是对流降水主要分布在5~20 mm/h之间;强降水更多,主要分布在东亚洋面。2)雨季东亚降水的主要形式是非台风层云降水,但台风降水对局地降水量的贡献也不容忽视,例如台湾以东附近洋面可达20%。3)台风降水云亮温海陆分布差异显著;其雨顶高度在4~9 km(层云)和4.5~12.5 km(对流)之间均有分布,较非台风降水雨顶高度谱更宽。4)不同等级的台风在降水强度、覆盖区域和云顶10.8μm亮温分布上差异大。     

中国区域多种数值模式资料的地面气象要素评估

利用中国气象局国家级自动站(2421个站)的观测资料,分别对2010年7月1日至2013年6月30日的欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)、日本气象厅(JMA)和美国国家海洋大气局的全球预测系统(GFS)数值模式资料的地面气温、相对湿度和风速在中国区域的适用性进行了比较研究。结果表明,3种数值模式资料都能在一定程度上反映观测资料所具有的时间和空间分布特征,东部地区的适用性要高于西部地区。不同的地面气象要素,差异较大:对于地面气温和地面相对湿度,ECMWF比JMA和GFS更接近实际观测,ECMWF和JMA的分析场数据质量要好于预报场;ECMWF和JMA地面气温在冬季与观测差异最大,GFS地面气温在夏季与观测差异最大;3种数值模式资料的地面相对湿度在秋季和冬季与观测差异最大;对于地面风速,在江淮流域和华南等东部区域JMA与实际观测差异最小,在北部和西部区域ECMWF最好,JMA和GFS地面风速在冬季与实际观测差异最大。     

再论湘中南区龙潭组的时代

根据最新取得的古生物资料以及层序地层研究的成果，笔者认为湘中南区龙潭组的时代为中二叠世晚期至晚二叠世早期，龙潭组上段为晚二叠世早期，其下段为中二叠世晚期。