Benthic community response to habitat variation: A case of study from a natural protected area,the Celestun coastal lagoon

Little information currently exists on spatial and temporal benthic community variations in tropical coastal lagoons. Here, the benthic community response to habitat variation in the Celestun coastal lagoon, northwest Yucatan peninsula, was seasonally examined during the 1994–1995 climatic cycle into a grid of 12 sampling sites distributed along the salinity gradient of the lagoon. Habitat variation was assessed through physical factors associated both to the water column (e.g. salinity) and the bottom sediment (e.g. sand, silt and clay fractions). The benthic community response was assessed through species diversity measures and abundance. Under the influence of climatic seasonality, variations in habitat conditions followed by changes in the benthic community characteristics were expected. Results from two-way ANOVAs showed that for the period of study, Celestun lagoon was more heterogeneous along the spatial axis of variability than along the temporal one. Multiple regression analysis showed that salinity was spatially the main factor influencing the benthic community characteristics. Temporally, the sediment characteristics were observed to exert significant effects on the species diversity characteristics but not on abundance. Other variables assessed (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and water column transparency) exhibited no significant covariance with species diversity and abundance. Since generated from historical data, these results have the potential to be useful as a benchmark to the establishment of monitoring programs in the light of the increasing anthropogenic pressure on the natural resources of the lagoon and surrounding coastal area.     

2004/2005年冬季强寒潮事件与大气低频波动关系的研究

2004/2005年冬季中国出现了两次大范围寒潮过程,造成长时期的降温和严寒天气,从而改变了从1986年以来中国大部分地区连续出现18个暖冬的局面。利用2004年10月1日～2005年3月31日中国740站逐日平均温度和NCEP/NCAR的逐日高度场和风场资料,分析了2004/2005冬季的强寒潮事件,并对寒潮爆发的周期、低频波动特征及其影响寒潮爆发的可能原因进行研究。结果表明:2004/2005年冬季两次主要强寒潮事件（12月22日～1月1日和2月14～21日）是在强10～20天低频振荡背景下发生的。在一次季节内低频振荡过程中,寒潮经历了高空形势相似的3个阶段,它们分别是乌拉尔东侧阻塞脊建立、阻塞脊下游横槽发展、横槽转竖与南支槽耦合重建东亚大槽最后导致寒潮爆发。进一步分析表明,乌拉尔东侧阻塞脊和里海高度脊是导致这两次寒潮的主要系统。研究还表明在寒潮爆发过程中,10～20天低频波动在40°N南北独立传播,南北波列耦合寒潮全面爆发;寒潮爆发后期低频波动引起我国东南部低空辐散异常、高空辐合异常,从而导致我国南部地区偏北风增强,使寒潮向南爆发程度和高空东亚急流明显加强。     

Modelling the effects of changes in rainfall event characteristics on TSS loads in urban runoff

The effect of changes in rainfall event characteristics on urban stormwater quality, which was described by total suspended solids (TSS), was studied by means of computer simulations conducted with the Storm Water Management Model for a climate change scenario for northern Sweden. The simulation results showed that TSS event loads depended mainly on rainfall depth and intensity, but not on antecedent conditions. Storms with low‐to‐intermediate depths and intensities showed the highest sensitivity to changes in rainfall input, both for percentage and absolute changes in TSS wash‐off loads, which was explained by the contribution of pervious areas and supply limitations. This has significant implications for stormwater management, because those relatively frequent events generally carry a high percentage of the annual pollutant load. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of turbulence closure parameterisations for stably stratified flows using the PROVESS turbulence measurements in the North Sea

A number of parameterisations for the simulation of mixing processes in the thermocline are compared and tested against the microstructure data of the PROVESS campaigns, conducted in the northern part of the North Sea during the autumn of 1998. The transport term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation is parameterised via the introduction of a third stability function S_k for turbulent energy diffusion. The formulations are compared with a simpler scheme based upon limiting conditions for turbulence variables. Improved results are obtained with a new form of S_k. The best agreement is, however, found with the simpler limiting scheme. This is explained in terms of a turbulence length scale theory for stably stratified turbulence. In agreement with previous laboratory and ocean data it is found that the ratios of the Thorpe and Kolmogorov scales to the Ozmidov length scale approach critical limiting values in the thermocline. The first of these conditions is satisfied when limiting conditions are implemented into the scheme, providing the necessary minimum value for the dissipation rate, whereas the schemes without limiting conditions fail to produce this critical ratio. The basic reason for this failure is that the Thorpe scale is overestimated, which is shown to be connected to an even larger overprediction of the dissipation rate of temperature variance. To investigate the impact of non-resolved advective processes and salinity stratification on the turbulence predictions, additional numerical experiments were conducted using a simple scheme for data assimilation. The best agreement is found again with the limiting scheme, which is able to make reasonable predictions for the dissipation rate without knowing the detailed shape of the mean stratification profile. It is shown that advective transport due to tidally and wind-driven motions has a non-negligible impact on vertical mixing. This is seen in the data and the models by periodic enhancements of turbulent mixing inside the thermocline.     

白洋淀湖泊原位蒸发试验研究

在生态环境脆弱和水资源短缺的雄安新区白洋淀,湖泊水面蒸发是其地表水主要排泄方式之一,研究湖泊蒸发对认识湖泊水循环、生态需水量评价及湖泊生态功能恢复等方面有重要现实意义和科学价值。然而白洋淀湖泊内蒸发实测资料有限,一般采用邻近陆地观测站数据折算或经验模型法估算其蒸发量,计算误差较大,不能准确描述白洋淀湖泊蒸发量。研究在白洋淀湖泊开展原位试验,在湖泊中心位置建立E601蒸发站和20 m2蒸发池观测蒸发量,并建立自动气象站同时监测气象数据,利用E601蒸发站和气象站数据使用相关分析和多元线性回归模型方法分析了蒸发与各气象因素之间的相关性,并将E601蒸发站观测数据与20 m2蒸发池观测数据及数值模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,夏季白洋淀湖泊水面蒸发量日变化较剧烈,变化范围在0.4～6.6 mm/d,6月蒸发量最大,7—8月随降水增多蒸发量有所下降。夏季湖泊水面蒸发受太阳辐射和湿度 2 种因素影响较大。以20 m2蒸发池蒸发量作为湖泊水面蒸发量,观测期内E601蒸发站观测蒸发量高于湖泊水面实际蒸发量,通过当地蒸发折算系数折算后可更准确估算湖泊蒸发量。试验获得白洋淀湖泊内20 m2蒸发池与E601蒸发站蒸发折算系数约为0.98,较前人研究略偏大。研究结果可为白洋淀地区水面蒸发量计算提供基础依据。     

Uncertainty Reduction of Estimated Geostrophic Volume Transports with Altimeter Observations East of Taiwan

The common geostrophic estimation of ocean current velocity uses only water temperature and conductivity profiles. The geostrophic volume transport of a western boundary current, like the Taiwan Current (Kuroshio east of Taiwan), between the coast and its eastern boundary can be easily estimated based on hydrographic survey data. But the eastern boundary of the Taiwan Current is very uncertain due to extremely variable hydrographic conditions. This uncertainty is strongly correlated with the propagating mesoscale eddies originating from the interior of the western North Pacific Ocean. The uncertainty of estimated transport can be greatly reduced if eddy distribution is considered when determining the integration boundaries with the assistance of satellite altimeter measurements. Eight hydrographic surveys east of Taiwan between November 1992 and June 1996 are demonstrated in this study. The average geostrophic transport of the Taiwan Current with a reference set to 1000 dbar at 22°N between the east coast of Taiwan and 124°E is 22.9 ±14.2 Sv and changes to 22.1 ± 8.3 Sv, the uncertainty of which is nearly halved after taking account of the eddy distribution. The estimation uncertainty is insensitive to vertical displacements of the reference level within the depth range between 800 and 2000 dbar. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于地震沉积学方法的湖相浊积砂体识别——以东营凹陷牛20区块沙三中亚段为例

湖相浊积岩体积小、粒度细、单层厚度薄、相变快,受上覆三角洲前缘厚层砂体的屏蔽作用、沉积规律以及现有地震资料分辨率的影响,湖相浊积砂体的地震预测技术一直难有突破。以东营凹陷牛20区块为例,利用地震沉积学方法和技术,将沉积模式与地震反射特征、时频分析技术相结合,以井点为约束,通过识别前积界面,建立了等时层序地层格架;提高地震资料的分辨率和实现地震相位具有岩性地层意义是识别和预测湖相浊积砂体的关键。在等时界面控制下,通过正演模拟方法,认为混合相位子波拓频技术和分频技术相结合可以有效提高地震资料的主频与分辨率,采用90°相位转换可以将反射波瓣提到地层的中心,实现地震相位的岩性地层意义,最终将地层切片与地震属性相结合实现了浊积砂体的有效识别和预测。     

Ab initio investigations of the charge transport properties of endohedral M@C20 (M= Na and K) metallofullerenes

Using density functional theory and quantum transport calculations based on nonequilibum Green's function formalism, we investigate the charge transport properties of endohedral M@C₂₀ (M= Na and K) metallofullerenes. Our results show that the conductance of C₂₀ fullerene can be obviously improved by insertion of alkali atom at its centre. Both linear and nonlinear sections are found on the I-V curves of the Au-M@C₂₀-Au two-probe systems. The novel negative differential resistance behaviour is also observed in Na@C₂₀ molecule but not in K@C₂₀.     

Multiple processes affecting surface seawater N20 satura- tion anomalies in tropical oceans and Prydz Bay, Antarc- tica

Abstract We analyzed the N20 content of surface seawater sampled from Prydz Bay, Antarctica, on a cruise track between 30°S and 30°N during the twenty-second Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition during austral summer, 2006. The surface water showed an average pN20 value of 311.9a：7.6 nL.L-1 （14.1：t：0.4 nmol-Ll）, which was slightly undersaturated. The air-sea N2O flux in the region was -0.3±0.8 p.mol.mE,dl; howeveh N20 in the surface water was oversaturated in most stations along the cruise track. Saturation anomalies were greater than 10%, with a maximum of 54.7% being observed at the Eqaator, followed by 31% at 10°N in the Sulu Sea. The air-sea fluxes at these locations were 12.4 and 4 μmol-mLd-1, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that surface water in Prydz Bay was near equilibrium with atmospheric N20, and that ocean waters in lower latitudes acted as a N20 source. Physical processes such as stratification, ice-melt water dilution, and solar radiation dominate the factors leading to N20 saturation of surface water of Prydz Bay, while biological production and upwelling are primarily responsible for the N20 oversaturation of surface water observed in subtropical and tropical regions along the cruise track.     

1840年以来长江大洪水演变与气候变化关系初探

长江洪水灾害是我国频率高、为患严重的自然灾害之一.本文依据可靠资料,选择1840年至2000年间32次大洪水记录,探讨其演变与气候变化的关系.认知1910s前的19世纪冷期出现大洪水13次(包括1870年的极值大洪水事件)频率为1.9次／10a.1921-2000年间出现了大洪水19次,频率为2.4次／10a.20世纪暖期又分出两个变暖时段,前一变暖时段的峰值期1920s-1940s出现大洪水9次,包含1931年全流域大洪水.后一变暖时段,即1980s与1990s出现大洪水8次.实测记录到的最大洪水1954年位于前一变暖时段结束阶段.1990s是全球,也是我国近百年中最暖年代,受东南季风影响大的中下游地区夏季降水量是近百年最多的,大暴雨频率也是有较多记录的40年来最高的.以此出现了10年5次大洪水高频率现象,包含1998年全流域型大洪水,表明了全球变暖的显著影响.也指示30-40年问周期性振荡中多雨年代.如此可预期21世纪初期降水会有小幅度下降与大洪水频率在短期内降低的可能性.长江上游受西南季风影响较大,19世纪下半期与20世纪上半期为多降水期,大洪水频率较高.20世纪下半期为少降水期,大洪水频率较低.关于气候变化研究有待深入,前景不易预估.