Verifying Inventory Predictions of Animal Methane Emissions with Meteorological Measurements

The paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of a rangeof meteorological flux measurement techniques that mightbe used to verify predictions of greenhouse gas inventories.Recent research into emissions of methane (CH₄)produced by enteric fermentation in grazing cattle and sheepis used to illustrate various methodologies. Quantifying thisimportant source presents special difficulties because the animalsconstitute moving, heterogeneously distributed, intermittent, pointsources. There are two general approaches: one, from the bottom up,involves direct measurements of emissions from a known number ofanimals, and the other, from the top down, infers areal emissions ofCH₄ from its atmospheric signature. A mass-balance methodproved successful for bottom-up verification. It permits undisturbedgrazing, has a simple theoretical basis and is appropriate for fluxmeasurements on small plots and where there are scattered pointsources. The top-down methodologies include conventional flux-gradientapproaches and convective and nocturnal boundary-layer (CBL and NBL)budgeting schemes. Particular attention is given to CBL budget methods inboth differential and integral form. All top-down methodologies require ideal weather conditions for their application, and they suffer from the scattered nature of the source, varying wind directions and low instrument resolution. As for mass-balance, flux-gradient micrometeorological measurements were in good agreement with inventory predictions of CH₄ production by livestock, but the standard errors associated with both methods were too large to permit detection of changes of a few per cent in emission rate, which might be important for inventory, regulatory or research purposes. Fluxes calculated by CBL and NBL methods were of the same order of magnitude as inventory predictions, but more improvement is needed before their use can be endorsed. Opportunities for improving the precision of both bottom-up and top-down methodologies are discussed.     

藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征

利用GAME/Tibet 1998年IOP观测资料,分析研究藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层的地面加热场、地表能量平衡、地面阻曳系数CD及感热通量整体输送系数CH等特征,得到了一些有关藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征结构的新认识.     

粉喷桩工程性状试验研究

对水泥加固土的工程特性进行了系统的研究。 现场开展了粉喷桩单桩及复合地基静载试验, 对粉喷桩复合地基承载力、桩土应力比及单桩荷载传递规律进行了分析和研究。取得了一些有益的结果, 这些结果对粉喷桩工程实践具有指导意义     

广义荷载传递函数及其应用

单桩非线性分析的方法很多,荷载传递函数法是其中很重要的一种。鉴于问题的复杂性,该方法中的荷载传递函数存在多种形式,且都具有各自适用的范围,存在局限性。广义荷载传递函数是一个通用函数式,其通过增加一个参数实现变换函数形式的目的,使之能够反映以前所提的各种荷载传递函数。另外,还可以描述目前没有提出、但可能存在的荷载传递函数形式,具有广泛适用性;同时,在某种程度上能反映软化效应。在工程应用中取得场地土性参数的前提下,适当运用该函数可以减少试桩的数量,产生巨大的经济价值。     

嵌岩桩荷载传递特性研究

针对嵌岩桩荷载传递研究中存在的问题,根据桩体与围岩体接触面上的应力-应变关系以及剪滞模型,研究了嵌岩桩的荷载传递特性。推导了考虑桩、岩界面脱黏与完全黏结两种条件下嵌岩段侧阻力分布规律的计算公式。研究了桩、岩相对刚度、外荷载等级对荷载传递特性的影响,讨论了桩端荷载分担比例与嵌岩段所需埋设深度的关系等。研究成果对嵌岩桩设计具有指导意义。     

刚性桩和柔性桩荷载传递性状的比较

为了比较刚性桩和柔性桩的荷载传递规律,在温州地区选择了钻孔灌注桩和水泥搅拌桩进行静荷载试验。试验前在钻孔灌注桩桩身埋设了钢筋应力计,在水泥搅拌桩桩身埋设了振弦式应变计。在静荷载试验过程中同步检测传感器的变化情况,根据试验成果对两种不同类型桩进行对比分析,得出一些有益的结论,供工程设计施工人员参考。     

Abundance, Biomass, Production and Trophic Roles of Micro- and Net-Zooplankton in Ise Bay, Central Japan, in Winter

We investigated the geographical variations in abundance and biomass of the major taxonomic groups of micro- and net-zooplankton along a transect through Ise Bay, central Japan, and neighboring Pacific Ocean in February 1995. The results were used to estimate their secondary and tertiary production rates and assess their trophic roles in this eutrophic embayment in winter. Ise Bay nourished a much higher biomass of both micro- and net-zooplankton (mean: 3.79 and 13.9 mg C m^–3, respectively) than the offshore area (mean: 0.76 and 4.47 mg C m^–3, respectively). In the bay, tintinnid ciliates, naked ciliates and copepod nauplii accounted for, on average, 69, 18 and 13% of the microzooplankton biomass, respectively. Of net-zooplankton biomass, copepods (i.e. Acartia, Calanus, Centropages, Microsetella and Paracalanus) formed the majority (mean: 63%). Average secondary production rates of micro- and net-zooplankton in the bay were 1.19 and 1.87 mg C m^–3d^–1 (or 23.1 and 36.4 mg C m^–2d^–1), respectively, and average tertiary production rate of net-zooplankton was 0.75 mg C m^–3d^–1 (or 14.6 mg C m^–2d^–1). Available data approximated average phytoplankton primary production rate as 1000 mg C m^–2d^–1 during our study period. The transfer efficiency from primary production to zooplankton secondary production was 6.0%, and the efficiency from secondary production to tertiary production was 25%. The amount of food required to support the zooplankton secondary production corresponded to 18% of the phytoplankton primary production or only 1.7% of the phytoplankton biomass, demonstrating that the grazing impact of herbivorous zooplankton was minor in Ise Bay in winter.     

Ultraviolet-background-induced bifurcation of galactic morphology

Based upon a novel paradigm of galaxy formation under the influence of an ultraviolet background, the evolutionary bifurcation of pre-galactic clouds is compared with observations of elliptical and spiral galaxies. The theory predicts that the dichotomy between dissipational and dissipationless galaxy formation stems from the degree of self-shielding from the ultraviolet background radiation. This is demonstrated on a bifurcation diagram of collapse epochs versus masses of pre-galactic clouds. Using the observed properties, the collapse epochs and mass are assessed for each type of galaxy . By direct comparison of the theory with observations, it turns out that the theoretical bifurcation branch successfully discriminates between elliptical and spiral galaxies. This suggests that the ultraviolet background radiation could play a profound role in the differentiation of galactic morphology into the Hubble sequence.