香港港口的发展与粤港港口衔接研究

本文在宏观上论述了香港港口具有典型的山地溺谷湾形态特征和潮流强、波浪弱、泥沙淤积少的动力特性,指出过量的围海造地威胁天然良港的永续利用。文中从港口的历史发展阐明香港港口的发展模式和方向。根据货运量持续增长尤其是集装箱运输快速增长的发展现状、面临的隐优和挑战、未来运输量增长的预测,讨论了香港港口可持续发展的新港址,提出屯门龙珠岛－青山电厂煤码头,赤Ｌｉｅ角新机场以东的大屿山岛北岸两处深水岸段作为新发     

Impact of Agricultural Labor Transfer on Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Case Study of Jiangxi,China

A large proportion of the rural labor force in China will continue to transfer to non-agricultural sectors in the near future, which will inevitably lead to the transformation of the agricultural production mode and the structure of the farmers’ livelihood. The Chinese government is making great efforts to govern agricultural nonpoint source pollution (ANSP), and farmers' environmental behavior is a key factor that must be considered in the formulation of agricultural environmental policies. Based on a set of micro survey data on farmers in the study area and econometric methods, this study investigates the impact of agricultural labor transfer on ANSP by considering the substitution effect of agricultural factors and the effect of agricultural economies of scale. The results show that the increase of the agricultural labor force will not be conducive to reducing ANSP, while the income increase brought by agricultural labor transfer will improve the input structure of agricultural factors and have a positive impact on ANSP reduction. Government departments should provide subsidies or incentive measures to help agricultural social service organizations to expand their coverage and increase the frequency of socialized agricultural services, in order to guide farmers in the use of environment-friendly agricultural technology to reduce the ANSP caused by agricultural factors at the source. Furthermore, it is necessary to facilitate the development of small-sized agricultural machinery suitable for small-area land cultivation.     

多维度视角下新疆农村经济可持续发展

科技进步与水土资源是促进经济可持续发展的有力杠杆及资源保证,劳动力是农村经济发展的重要主体。运用生态足迹理论计算了1990-2015年的新疆农村生态人口承载力,该指标代表了农村经济可持续发展水平,并建立与农业全要素生产率、科技投入占总投入比率、水资源灌溉利用率、耕地复耕指数、新疆劳动力转移、劳动力转移性收入的VAR模型。研究结果表明：新疆农村人均资源占有量不断地增大,可承载生态人口数量逐年下降;科技投入目前对于新疆农村经济可持续发展的影响并不明显,短期看来,农业全要素生产率对于其发展有抑制作用,但长期看来有巨大的促进作用;在短期,水资源灌溉利用率有抑制作用,但在长期,有拉动作用;耕地复耕指数长期有抑制作用;短期来说,劳动力转移和劳动力转移性收入对于其发展有促进作用,长期有抑制作用。     

海南岛人工与天然红树林重金属污染、 富集与转运能力比较

以海南岛东寨港、清澜港与三亚河3个红树林自然保护区为研究区,综合比较了人工与天然红树林6种重金属（Cd、As、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn）的地累积指数、潜在生态危害指数、生物富集系数与转运系数的差异。结果表明：1）研究区红树林沉积物中,Cd呈现强度—极强度污染,As为中度—强度污染,Cr属中度污染,Zn为轻度污染,Cu与Pb表现为无至轻度污染;从区域空间看,Cd污染表现为：东寨港（强度—极强度）＞清澜港（强度）＞三亚河（无污染）,As污染表现为：清澜港（中度—强度）＞东寨港（中度—强度）＞三亚河（中度）;Cr污染表现为：东寨港（中度）＞清澜港（轻度）＞三亚河（无污染）。2）东寨港人工无瓣海桑、天然白骨壤、人工与天然桐花树、人工与天然海莲,清澜港的天然桐花树Cd的值（单一重金属潜在生态危害系数）属较强潜在生态风险,东寨港与清澜港的天然正红树林、清澜港的人工无瓣海桑、天然杯萼海桑和天然海莲Cd的值属中等潜在生态风险,其余红树植物6种参评元素的值与RI值（多重金属总潜在生态风险指数）均属轻微级;综合而言,Cd、As、Pb和Cr似乎更易引发海莲、桐花树与无瓣海桑的健康风险问题。3）人工与天然红树植物各器官对6种参评重金属的富集系数大体表现为：根＞枝＞叶;红树植物植株平均富集系数总趋势为：三亚河人工红树林＞三亚河天然红树林＞清澜港天然红树林＞东寨港天然红树林＞清澜港人工红树林＞东寨港人工红树林。4）人工与天然红树林的重金属转运系数都显示出：叶—枝＞枝—根＞叶—根;植株平均转运系数总趋势：三亚河人工红树林＞三亚河天然红树林＞东寨港天然红树林＞东寨港人工红树林＞清澜港天然红树林＞清澜港人工红树林。5）红树植物与林下沉积物重金属含量之间具有强的正相关关系,这表明控制沉积物重金属含量和减少外源重金属污染是维护红树林湿地生态系统健康重要而有效的环节。6）同一地区同种红树植物在吸附重金属能力上人工林略强于天然林,这可能与人工红树林的营林环境、人为扰动存在一定关联。     

雷暴大风过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征研究

2014年5月31日北京发生一次雷暴大风过程。以雷达资料同化结果为初始场,对此次过程进行高分辨率数值模拟。采用非静力平衡和非地转平衡的经向动量方程和质量权重动能方程,利用模拟资料,对雷暴大风过程中经向动量和质量权重动能进行收支分析,以此来研究雷暴过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征,讨论地面大风的可能成因。分析结果表明,在对流层中低层,经向动量通量散度是影响经向动量局地变化的主要强迫项。雷暴系统后部的入流把中低层的经向动量倾斜向下输送,系统前部对流云区中低层的下沉气流也向下输送经向动量。这两支下传动量通量先后与近地面经向动量的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送经向动量。在北京西北部地形阻挡作用下,经向动量通量在系统前端近地面辐合,促进那里的经向动量局地增长,有利于增强那里的南风。质量动能收支的特征与经向动量收支类似,在近地面层质量动能的局地变化主要是由质量动能通量散度引起的。系统后部入流把中层质量动能向下传输到近地面层,然后与近地面质量动能的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送质量动能。相对来说,近地面层经向动量和质量动能的水平通量比下传通量更重要,这主要与低层较强的东南急流有关。     

Solar Stokes Spectrum Observation at Yunnan Astronomical Observatory

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Inferring Glacier Mass Balance Using Radarsat: Results From Peyto Glacier, Canada

The capability of RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for the purpose of snow-line/accumulation area mapping for a temperate alpine glacier is examined. In agreement with other orbital C-band SAR studies, RADARSAT can discriminate between firn and bare ice facies. Limited observations are reported with respect to the electromagnetic variability of the ice facies in the ablation area, but they are inconclusive. Operational considerations are discussed with respect to reconciling the uncertainties of late-summer weather and their possible impact on the dielectric and scattering properties of the glacier surface. Vagaries associated with other glacier settings, mass balance states and their associated facies configurations are discussed including the difficulty of using the transient snow-line to define the equilibrium line and the lower extent of the accumulation area for glaciers where superimposed ice may form.
The radar remote-sensing reconnaissance of equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and accumulation area ratio (AAR) for estimating glacier mass balance requires serious consideration in those instances where traditional ground measurements used in the direct glaciological method are absent. However, with respect to the ELA, such estimates can vary depending on the accuracy of the reference digital elevation information. Moreover, for many glacier configurations, where mass balance variations due to altitude are influenced or in some cases completely masked by local balance variations, defining the ELA may be an irreconcilable problem. Using the AAR may be more robust in this regard. It is further determined that the total error inherent in the reconnaissance method would have serious implications for the confident estimation of mass balance normals and climate-related trends if the method were to be utilized over the longer term.     

Annual Mass Balance of Blue Glacier, USA: 1955–97

Mass changes of Blue Glacier, USA are calculated from topographic maps made from vertical aerial photography in late summer of 1939, 1952, 1957, and 1987, along with laser altimetry flown in June 1996. Changes in elevation between maps were adjusted for seasonal variations in the snow cover, and to account for the ablation between the date of photography and 1 October. Topography obtained from the laser altimetry was adjusted for snow thickness and glacier motion to estimate topography of 1 October 1995. The mass of Blue Glacier has changed less than 7 m (water equivalent) during this 56 year period which is minor compared with other glaciers in the region and elsewhere in the world. Glacier-average annual mass balances, beginning in 1956, have been calculated either from stake measurements and probing of late-season snow, or from a regression analysis using late-season measurements of the equilibrium line altitude. A comparison with the changes derived from surface maps shows values obtained from field measurements are too positive by about 0.4 m a^?1 , indicating that considerable caution is needed when interpreting time series of mass balance. Two alternative time series of mass balance consistent with the long-term mass changes are created by making simple adjustments: (1) a single constant is subtracted from each value so that the series is consistent with the 1957–95 mass change; (2) one constant is subtracted from each value over 1957–87 and another is subtracted from each value over 1987-95 so that the series is consistent with both the 1957–87 and 1987–95 mass changes. The mass balance of Blue Glacier was generally positive until the mid-1970s and negative since. The fluctuations of mass balance closely resemble those of snowfall on the glacier as estimated from the joint distribution of temperature and precipitation. The climate in western Washington was cooler and wetter during the decade before the mid-1970s, but the trend since has been towards warmer and drier conditions.