尿素络合法分离-气相色谱/同位素质谱法分析土壤和植物中低含量(ppm级)正构烷烃的碳同位素

尿素络合法和5A分子筛法是常用的分离富集环境样品中正构烷烃的方法,但由于复杂的处理流程对于低含量正构烷烃的回收率普遍较低。本文通过优化尿素络合法分离富集正构烷烃的实验条件,建立了尿素络合法分离-气相色谱/同位素质谱分析土壤和植物中低含量正构烷烃单体碳同位素的方法。即采用正己烷-丙酮溶解样品,在4℃冰箱中与2 m L尿素-甲醇饱和溶液反应48 h;用去离子水溶解尿素络合物,加入正己烷后分离出有机相和水相,分别用正己烷、丙酮-正己烷萃取有机相和水相中的正构烷烃。中长链正构烷烃的回收率达79%~104%,高于5A分子筛法和已有尿素络合法的富集效果;单体碳同位素的分析精度为0.09‰~0.63‰(1σ)。利用改进的方法分析实际样品,大幅降低了未分峰和共流出物的干扰,提高了实际样品中ppm级中长链正构烷烃的回收率。     

离子交换色层法测定低浓度铵态氮水样的氮同位素研究

采用氯化铵、氯化钾为原料的离子交换色层法结合扩散法处理低浓度铵态氮水样,测定其铵态氮同位素时,减小全流程空白、避免同位素分馏、获取准确的铵态氮同位素值是需解决的关键问题.本文建立一套尽可能密闭的离子交换系统,避免了在大气环境下低浓度铵态氮水样在离子交换色层预处理过程中的污染;采用蠕动泵过柱的方法,调节蠕动泵的转速控制氯化铵溶液的过柱速率为1.2 L/h,洗脱速率为0.2 L/h,缩短了样品处理时间,减少了空气对铵态氮样品的污染,样品中的NH4+可完全被阳离子交换树脂吸附,铵态氮回收率为93.5％ ～102.8％,且不会引起氮同位素分馏;将优级纯氯化钾试剂置于450℃马弗炉中灼烧24 h,降低了氯化钾试剂引入的铵态氮污染.建立的方法使全流程的铵态氮空白浓度低于检出限0.02 mg/L,解决了在大气环境下采用离子交换色层法处理低浓度铵态氮水样的污染问题,加速了样品前处理的过程,提高了样品处理效率.     

Mass transport modelling to assess contamination of a water supply well in Sabarmati river bed aquifer, Ahmedabad City, India

 Drinking water supply wells were constructed in the Sabarmati river bed aquifer of Ahmedabad city using radial pipes and are known as French Collector wells. Contamination of groundwater from one of the French wells near Sabarmati railway bridge was noticed in 1992. The suspected pollution sources are Duff-nala of Shahibaug and two other sources from slum dwellings on either side of Sabarmati river. A combined groundwater flow, pathlines and a mass transport model was constructed covering an area of 9 km² to analyse the capture zone of the French well under two different scenarios. Aquifer parameters of the river bed aquifer were available. Dry river bed condition was simulated under scenario I and controlled flow in the river bed was simulated under scenario II. The groundwater velocity and migration of contaminant particles from sources was analysed in the pathline model. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration contours originating from sources in the mass transport model (MT3D) were computed by solving an advection-dispersion equation. The computed pathlines and TDS concentration contours indicate likely migration of contaminant plume from pollutant sources to the French well during 365 days under two scenarios. The model results confirm the tracer injection studies carried out to know the likely migration of contaminants towards the French well. The modelling study emphasised the necessity of controlled release of surface water in Sabarmati river bed from Dharoi reservoir throughout the year. Received: 28 October 1998 · Accepted: 17 June 1999     

铌钽元素分析技术新进展

铌钽是发展新兴产业所需的功能性和结构性材料,铌钽矿产是国家重点支持的战略新兴矿产资源,开展相关物料中铌钽的分析技术研究具有重要意义。由于铌和钽的物理化学性质十分相似,彼此难以分离,且易水解,加之地质样品分解困难,因此铌和钽的分析测试一直困扰着分析工作者。本文重点对铌钽元素分析中的样品前处理技术和现代分析测试技术进行综述。样品前处理是铌钽分析的关键环节,结合分析方法和样品特性,选择合理的样品分解和分离富集方法是准确测定铌钽的前提。仪器分析是现代分析测试技术的主流,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)是目前测定铌钽应用最多的方法,需要解决共存组分的干扰、基体效应和盐类影响等问题。激光剥蚀(LA)技术、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和中子活化分析法(NAA)采用固体进样,避免了前期样品处理的繁琐步骤和杂质的引入,是铌钽元素分析发展的方向。     

等离子体层嘶声散射辐射带电子的损失时间尺度建模研究

等离子体层嘶声(Plasmaspheric hiss)是地球辐射带中的一种常见哨声模波动,主要存在于等离子体层中.嘶声波可以通过回旋共振散射辐射带电子,在辐射带槽区的形成过程和反转能谱的演化过程中具有重要作用.因此,在辐射带动态建模中需要考虑嘶声波的作用,常用的方法是在辐射带电子扩散方程中加入嘶声波导致的损失项,用损失时间尺度(loss timescale)代表电子损失的快慢.本文基于等离子体层嘶声对辐射带电子的投掷角散射系数模型计算了嘶声波导致辐射带电子损失的时间尺度.建立了包含L(范围为3~6)、冷等离子体参数α^*(范围为3~30)以及电子能量(范围为1 keV~10 MeV)的电子损失时间尺度参数化模型.基于该模型,可以快速计算电子在嘶声波散射效应下的损失时间尺度.通过与卫星实际观测的电子损失时间尺度对比,验证了本文建立的嘶声波损失时间尺度模型的合理性,可为实现辐射带的快速建模提供有利支持.

     

Spatial Variability of Mass Movements in the Satluj Valley,Himachal Pradesh during 1990～2006

Satluj Valley is known to have a history of landslides and related mass movement activities since the geological times.Geological and geomorphological settings combined with anthropogenic activities constitute a propensity towards slope failure.During the last two decades.the area witnessed substantial increase in athropogenic pressure,mainly due to the exploitation of hydropower potential,changing landuse pattern and population growth.In addition,a shift of the climatic Datterns in the form of larger area falling under the influence of rains was observed.These natural as well as anthropogenic changes in the area have resulted in increased spatial coverage of landslide in the area.This paper documents these changes during 1990～2006.     

Effective Sample Size for Glacier Mass Balance

Correlograms from multiple time series of point mass balance, measured on White Glacier (Axel Heiberg Island, Canada) and Abramov Glacier (Alai Range, Kirgizia), show that the correlation decreases with the difference in elevation between the points. The correlogram is used to calculate an integral spatial scale or effective sample area which, when divided into the area of the glacier, yields an estimate of the number of degrees of freedom in a stake-based estimate of the whole-glacier balance. This number – the 'effective sample size'– is a small fraction of the number of point measurements; indeed, it is independent of the number of measurements. Estimates of average balance for elevation bands are at one remove from raw stake measurements, but they are amenable to a principal component analysis which confirms that the effective sample size is very small. The small effective sample size means that uncertainty in a typical measurement of whole-glacier mass balance cannot be much less than the large value implied by the conservative assumption that stakes are perfectly correlated. One way around this difficulty would be to increase the role of prior physical understanding by seeking to model the spatial variability of mass balance. A successful model would need only a few parameters, and would allow for the joint estimation of both magnitude and uncertainty; the uncertainty in mass balance could be derived objectively from the uncertainty in the parameters. This, however, would require good estimates of the variability of mass balance at the elevation-band scale, which might in turn require that many measurement networks be redesigned.     

Variations in structures and distributions of C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in cultures of the diatom, Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen)

The highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes of three batch cultures of the diatom Haslea ostrearia have been examined and the occurrence of C₂₅ tri-, tetra- and pentaenes confirmed. Growth of cultures outside at ambient temperature, under natural sunlight, in May (6 days) and June (10 days) 1995 and monitoring of HBI concentrations in samples collected daily and stored frozen, revealed that in May greater concentrations of HBIs (ca 6500 fg cell⁻¹) were produced than in June and at a much earlier stage of growth. Furthermore, in May the HBIs were more unsaturated (predominantly a tetraene rather than a triene). The reasons for these differences are at present unknown and future investigations of the effect of irradiance, temperature, salinity and other environmental variables are required. Such experiments may allow the various HBI distributions in the alga and in sediments to be better understood and, like some other polyunsaturated lipids, HBI alkenes may become useful environmental and palaeoenvironmental indicators. Two previously unreported alkenes, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylpent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC retention index, 2201_DB-1) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylene pent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC RI, 2248_DB-1) from a batch culture of Haslea ostrearia grown in October/November 1993 and stored frozen for over a year, have also been isolated and characterised by ¹³C and ¹H NMR, epoxide derivatisation and mass spectrometry. Such structural characterisation studies of HBI alkenes should also aid our understanding of the geochemical fate of these widely distributed hydrocarbons.     

Morphologic and topographic analyses of debris aprons in the eastern Hellas region, Mars

This paper presents new, detailed analyses of small-scale morphologic and topographic characteristics of martian debris aprons that support Viking-based interpretations of debris aprons as ice-rich flow features derived from local uplands. Fifty-four debris apron complexes in the eastern Hellas region of Mars were examined using Mars Global Surveyor data sets, including Mars Orbiter Camera images and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topographic profiles. Consistent patterns in a suite of small-scale surface textures and geomorphic features observed throughout the population reflect a history of viscous flow and surface degradation through wind ablation and loss of contained ice. A wide variety of shapes seen in topographic profile reveal variations in distribution of contained ice and different stages of apron development and degradation. The results of this study provide new evidence consistent with multiple models of apron formation, including rock glacier, debris-covered glacier, and ice-rich landslide models. Typical eastern Hellas debris aprons formed from a series of large-scale events, emplacing debris that was enriched initially or later by ground ice, complemented by small-scale mass wasting of multiple styles and postemplacement flow of apron masses.     

质量吸收因子的经验公式

采用非线性最小二乘法拟合获得了生物学、地学和化学上重要的18种元素的质量吸收因子经验公式μ/ρ=cλ3-dλ4-aλ2+bλ+e,其R2比0.9999更精确。并给出了系数及其适用的波长或能量范围,简单讨论了各系数与原子序数Z和原子量之间的关系。