中国区域GPS单频点定位在不同类型磁暴主相期间定位性能分析

地磁暴期间,电离层可出现不同程度的扰动,显著影响GNSS导航系统性能.本文针对GNSS系统应用需求,全面分析了不同等级磁暴主相期间GPS单频点定位精度在中国区域(地磁中、低纬地区)的受扰情况.结果表明,定位误差极端值的出现概率与磁暴等级呈正相关,也与测站纬度相关(低纬一般高于高纬),定位精度在U(垂直)方向受影响程度明...     

Evaluating sulfur dynamics during storm events for three watersheds in the northeastern USA: a combined hydrological,chemical and isotopic approach

Concerns related to climate change have resulted in an increasing interest in the importance of hydrological events such as droughts in affecting biogeochemical responses of watersheds. The effects of an unusually dry summer in 2002 had a marked impact on the biogeochemistry of three watersheds in the north‐eastern USA. Chemical, isotopic and hydrological responses with particular emphasis on S dynamics were evaluated for Archer Creek (New York), Sleepers River (Vermont) and Cone Pond (New Hampshire) watersheds. From 1 August to 14 September 2002, all three watersheds had very low precipitation (48 to 69 mm) resulting in either very low or no discharge (mean 0·015, 0·15 and 0·000 mm day^?1 for Archer Creek, Sleepers River and Cone Pond, respectively). From 15 September to 31 October 2002, there was a substantial increase in precipitation totals (212, 246 and 198 mm, respectively) with increased discharge. Archer Creek was characterized by a large range of SO₄^2? concentrations (152 to 389 µeq L^?1, mean = 273 µeq L^?1) and also exhibited the greatest range in δ³⁴S values of SO₄^2? (?1·4 to 8·8 ‰ ). Sleepers River's SO₄^2? concentrations ranged from 136 to 243 µeq L^?1 (mean = 167 µeq L^?1) and δ³⁴S values of SO₄^2? ranged from 4·0 to 9·0 ‰ . Cone Pond's SO₄^2? concentrations (126–187 µeq L^?1, mean = 154 µeq L^?1) and δ³⁴S values (2·4 to 4·3 ‰ ) had the smallest ranges of the three watersheds. The range and mean of δ¹⁸O‐SO₄^2? values for Archer Creek and Cone Pond were similar (3·0 to 8·9 ‰ , mean = 4·5 ‰ ; 3·9 to 6·3 ‰ , mean = 4·9 ‰ ; respectively) while δ¹⁸O‐SO₄^2? values for Sleepers River covered a larger range with a lower mean (1·2 to 10·0 ‰ , mean = 2·5). The difference in Sleepers River chemical and isotopic responses was attributed to weathering reactions contributing SO₄^2?. For Archer Creek wetland areas containing previously reduced S compounds that were reoxidized to SO₄^2? probably provided a substantial source of S. Cone Pond had limited internal S sources and less chemical or isotopic response to storms. Differences among the three watersheds in S biogeochemical responses during these storm events were attributed to differences in S mineral weathering contributions, hydrological pathways and landscape features. Further evaluations of differences and similarities in biogeochemical and hydrological responses among watersheds are needed to predict the impacts of climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

航空瞬变电磁法对地下典型目标体的探测能力研究

航空电磁法的探测能力受飞行高度、发射波形、发射磁矩和发射基频等因素的影响,致使不同分量间的勘探能力存在差异.航空电磁如对所有磁场和磁感应分量、on-和off-time数据进行观测和解释,不仅数据量大、耗时长,而且出现大量冗余数据.目前国内针对此问题尚无系统解决方法.本文针对吊舱式直升机航空电磁系统,采用积分方程法求解频率域响应,经汉克尔变换转换到时间域,计算了地下三维目标体的 B 和d B /dt时间域响应.利用异常体响应与背景场响应作比值,并通过设定响应阀值定义最大勘探深度,进而分析不同发射波形、不同分量以及on-和off-time期间的航空电磁系统的探测能力.基于本文分析手段,可根据实际勘探目标,确定一套探测能力较强的航空电磁最佳参数组合,为野外测量和数据处理提供技术指导,高效完成勘探任务.     

磁暴主相多阶发展行星际起因的初步分析

本文利用1998~2006年与磁云有关的80起中强磁暴(Dst*≤-50 nT),对其主相期间不同发展阶数磁暴的行星际起因进行了统计分析.重点研究了鞘区磁场单独作用、磁云本体单独作用、鞘区与磁云共同作用以及其他复杂行星际结构在磁暴主相多阶发展中的相对重要性,并对导致磁暴主相增加一阶的行星际起因做了初步分析.统计结果表明:(1)有一半以上的中强磁暴主相具有多个发展阶段,其中一阶磁暴和多阶磁暴(包括二阶和二阶以上磁暴)在中等磁暴(-100 nTDst*≤-50 nT)中所占比例分别为53.8%和46.2%,在强磁暴(Dst*≤-100 nT)中所占比例分别为42.6%和57.4%;(2)随着磁暴主相发展阶数的增加,磁暴主相的平均持续时间也随之延长;(3)鞘区磁场单独作用、磁云本体单独作用、鞘区与磁云共同作用、磁云与其他行星际结构共同作用都可能引起磁暴主相的多阶发展;(4)有46.5%的多阶磁暴是由鞘区磁场与磁云本体共同作用引起,有34.9%的多阶磁暴是由鞘区磁场单独作用和磁云本体单独作用引起,其余的多阶磁暴是由其他复杂行星际结构引起;(5)在鞘区磁场单独作用的事件中,鞘区磁场结构是影响磁暴主相多阶发展的重要因素之一;(6)磁暴主相的多阶发展与晨昏电场Ey、行星际磁场Bz南向分量的发展密切相关,随着Ey和Bz阶段性的发展,磁暴主相也呈现多阶发展的趋势,且每阶Dst*极小值与该阶Eymax和Bzmin有很好的线性相关性,线性耦合方程分别为Dstmin* =-34.62-11.89×Eymax 和Dstmin* =-5.90+8.50×Bzmin.     

东北平原杜蒙钻孔的磁性地层学和磁化率对松嫩古湖演化的指示

湖相沉积是过去气候环境变化研究的重要地质记录.东北平原在早-中更新世时期曾发育一个巨型湖泊(松嫩古湖), 对这一古湖的演化历史和机制仍需多钻孔的进一步研究.本研究针对东北平原杜蒙(HL)钻孔沉积物开展了²⁶Al/¹⁰Be同位素年代学、古地磁年代学、磁化率地层学和岩石磁学研究, 结果表明: (1)令字组和林甸组湖相沉积的界线为约900 ka; (2)林甸组的磁化率明显高于令字组, 令字组的高矫顽力弱磁性矿物贡献相对较大; (3)林甸组磁化率的升高可能与湖平面降低、水动力增强、入湖的强磁性矿物增多或者氧化还原条件改变, 从而生成了强磁性铁的硫化物有关; (4)约900 ka前后, 松嫩古湖萎缩, 可能与中更新世气候转型期间大西洋深层翻转流(Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, 简称AMOC)减弱致使热带辐合带(Intertropical Convergence Zone, 简称ITCZ)南移, 以及海平面下降造成更多陆地暴露地表, 水汽输送距离增加, 进而共同导致东亚夏季风降水减少有关.

     

木卫二尾迹的数值模拟

木卫二在木星磁层中运动,与快速共转的木星磁场相互作用形成木星极光中木卫二的尾迹,此尾迹反映了连续扰动的磁通量管对木星电离层电流注入的过程.本文应用细丝理论对此过程进行数值模拟,未扰动的上游磁通量管经过大约720 s的时间与木卫二作用形成角度约为4°且相对于木卫二静止的拉伸磁通量管,随后在磁张力的作用下加速运动.在随后大约2160 s的加速时间内,磁通量管的速度逐渐与背景磁力线接近,向木星电离层注入的电流也由9×105A逐渐衰减至0.以1/e初始电流处认为是可观测的木卫二尾迹限度,则木卫二的尾迹仅大约有一至两个经度,这与哈勃望远镜观测到的木卫二尾迹大小大致相同.木卫二尾迹与木卫一尾迹相比,输送的能量约为2.3×1013J,仅有木卫一的1/10,导致尾迹长度远小于木卫一的尾迹长度.此外,模拟过程中发现木卫二下游的压力槽对磁通量管运动的影响很小,可以忽略.     

Age and origin of the lowlands of Mars

One of the many significant findings of the Mars Global Surveyor mission is the presence of hundreds of quasi-circular depressions (QCDs) observed from high-resolution MOLA topography data. Their presence has recently been interpreted to reflect a northern lowlands that archive some of the earliest recorded rocks on Mars, mostly below a veneer of Hesperian and Amazonian materials. Here we analyze these data, coupled with a recent synthesis of geologic, geophysical, geomorphic, topographic, and magnetic information. Such analysis allows us to suggest a potential plate tectonic phase during the recorded Early into Middle Noachian martian history that transitioned into a monoplate world with episodic magmatic-driven activity persisting to present. This working hypothesis is based on: (1) the observation that the basement of the northern plains is younger than the basement of the southern highlands, but older than the material exposures of the cratered highlands, suggesting different formational ages for each one of the three geologic-time units; (2) the observation that parts of the very ancient highland's crust are highly magnetized, thus suggesting that most if not all of the formation of the lowlands basement postdates the shut off of the martian dynamo, some 4 Gyr ago, and so allowing hundreds of millions of years for the shaping of the buried lowlands. Consequently, the role of endogenic processes in the earliest geological evolution of Mars (Early perhaps into Middle Noachian) requires reconsideration, since MOLA topographic and MGS magnetic data afford a temporal window sufficient for very early, non-primordial shaping of the northern lowlands' basement.     

Magnetic susceptibility of ultrahigh pressure eclogite: The role of retrogression

Retrograde metamorphism played the dominant role in changing the low-field rock magnetic properties and density of 198 specimens of variably retrograded eclogites from the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) and from surface outcrops in the Donghai area in the southern part of the Sulu UHP belt, China. Bulk magnetic susceptibility (κ) of unretrogressed UHP eclogite is controlled by whole-rock chemical composition and ranges from 397 to 2312 μSI with principal magnetic susceptibility carrying minerals paramagnetic garnet, omphacite, rutile and phengite. Partially retrograded eclogites show large variations in magnetic susceptibility between 804 and 24,277 μSI, with high mean magnetic susceptibility values of 4372 ± 4149 μSI caused by appreciable amounts of Fe-Ti oxide minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite and/or titanohematite produced by retrograde metamorphic reactions. Completely retrograded eclogites have lower susceptibilities of 1094 ± 600 μSI and amphibolite facies mineral assemblages lacking high magnetic susceptibility minerals. Jelínek's corrected anisotropy (P_j) of eclogites ranges from 1.001 to 1.540, and shows a positive correlation with low-field magnetic susceptibility (κ). Arithmetic mean bulk density (ρ) shows a steady decrease from 3.54 ± 0.11 g/cm³ (fresh eclogite) to 2.98 ± 0.06 g/cm³ (completely retrograded eclogite). Retrograde metamorphic changes in mineral composition during exhumation appear to be the major factor causing variations in low field magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy. Retrograde processes must be taken into account when interpreting magnetic surveys and geophysical well logs in UHP metamorphic terranes, and petrophysical properties such as density and low-field magnetic susceptibility could provide a means for semi-quantifying the degree of retrogression of eclogite during exhumation.     

高精度磁测在维西拉嘎洛铁矿勘查中的应用

测区引起磁异常的有磁铁矿(化)体和玄武岩,二者之间的磁性差异很大,为磁法勘探寻找磁铁矿奠定物性基础。通过磁法勘探的野外作业和室内数据整理分析,并经异常推断解释圈出矿体5个,并经坑探验证有效。     

南极格罗夫山陨石的磁化率

我国在南极格罗夫山发现并收集到大量南极陨石,需要一种无损、快速简单的分类方法。陨石磁化率(χ)的主要贡献是其中的铁镍金属,因而有可能成为一种简便有效的分类参数。同时,磁化率是陨石的一个重要物理参数。我们在国内首次开展陨石磁化率的研究,通过对模拟陨石磁化率样品的测量,证明可以通过不同取向的测量平均,将样品的大小和形状等几何因素的影响减小在仪器的测量精度范围之内。完成了首批613块南格格罗夫山陨石的磁化率测量,除普通球粒陨石外,还包括火星陨石、灶神星陨石、碳质球粒陨石、中铁陨石、橄榄陨铁、橄辉无球粒陨石等特殊类型。根据质量磁化率,可以划分大部分H、L、LL群陨石。特别重要的是,磁化率对于划分非平衡的普通球粒陨石化学群提供了更为可靠的参数。格罗夫山H群陨石的磁化率分布与南极其他地区的陨石十分相似,二者相对降落型陨石均向低质量磁化率方向平移0.2（logχ, 10^-9m³/kg）,反映了风化作用对南极陨石磁化率的平均影响程度;格罗夫山L群陨石的质量磁化率分布同样较降落型陨石偏低0.2左右,但南极其他地区的陨石与沙漠陨石的磁化率分布相似,二者均更为离散和偏低,可能反映了不同的风化程度。