论怛罗斯战役涉及阿拉伯与唐帝国关系的几个问题

怛罗斯战役与阿拉伯帝国阿拔斯王朝的扩张并无直接关系。怛罗斯之战的发生 ,是由居住在阿拉伯和唐帝国边境的小国 (或部落 )间的冲突引起的。阿中两国都派兵支援自己的属国 ,因而发生了直接冲突。唐帝国边疆守将高仙芝的错误策略和行动给唐政府带来重大损失。至于怛罗斯战役促进了唐和阿拉伯之间的经济文化交流还是阻碍了两大帝国间的交流 ,尚需具体分析 ,不能一概而论。公元 75 1年之后两大帝国的交往比以前更为密切 ,那是与阿拔斯王朝的“和平外交”政策分不开的 ,而与怛罗斯战役之胜负并无必然联系     

A spatial approach to select pilot counties for programs to correct the biased sex ratio at birth in Shandong province,China

The highly skewed sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China has stimulated numerous studies. However, the geographic distribution of SRB is seldom investigated, particularly at the county level. The need for an understanding at this level has increased since the Chinese government initiated its ‘Care for Girls’ campaign to improve the survival rate of females. This campaign has been initiated in a set of pilot counties. In this article we assess the effectiveness of the set of pilot counties in Shandong province and propose two alternate configurations. To do this, we first assess the spatial distribution of the SRB values by county in Shandong, expressed as a z-score (zSRB) after correcting for the biologically expected SRB value and population size of zero-aged children. A local Moran's I_i analysis of the zSRB values indicates a significant high–high cluster in the southwest of the province. The I_i , zSRB and female deficit (the difference of the observed from biologically expected number of zero-aged females) were then used to define two alternate configurations for the pilot counties. A comparison of the current and alternate configurations against a Monte Carlo randomisation analysis shows that the current configuration is significantly different from a random selection (p < 0.05) for the two criteria of maximising the aggregate female deficit and maximising the zSRB. Although this is a good result, both alternate configurations were more significant (p < 0.001), and therefore represent potentially better configurations for the campaign given the criteria used. The spatial analysis approach developed here could be used to improve the effectiveness of the Care-for-Girls campaign in Shandong province, and elsewhere in China.     

Radon-222 measurements during the Tropoz II campaign and comparison with a global atmospheric transport model

The aim of the ²²²Rn measurements during the airborne campaign TROPOZ II, was first to help in the interpretation of the photochemical studies, and secondly to furnish a data set of ²²²Rn in the troposphere, for validation of atmospheric transport models. In this paper we present the ²²²Rn measurements, and their simulation with a 3-D atmospheric transport model based on observed winds. The ²²²Rn was measured using the active daughters deposit technique with isokinetic aerosol sampling. We have obtained 44 measurements distributed between 65° North and 55° South, from 1 to 11 km height. In 25% of cases, we found relatively high concentrations (> 300 mBq·scm) of ²²²Rn in the high troposphere (>8 km). The results of 3D simulations and the calculations of back-trajectories allow us to find the origins of the high ²²²Rn concentrations. The transport model reproduced most of the observed synoptic variations, but it overestimates the concentrations which implies a vertical transport of excessive velocity.     

POACHING STATE POLITICS IN SOCIALIST CHINA: UXIN JU'S GRASSLAND CAMPAIGN, 1958–1966*

ABSTRACT. This study explores the local experience of a state‐initiated campaign to improve the grassland in Uxin Ju, a Mongolian community in northern China, from 1958 to 1966. The contrast between the local experience and the official representation reveals great discrepancies and attests to the ability of local people to utilize state policies to meet local needs, transforming socialist ideologies into local rationales. Applying Michel de Certeau's theory of everyday practice that sees book reading as poaching and the use/consumption of political and cultural discourses as a process of creative empowerment, I examine how the Mongols in Uxin Ju “poached” state politics to their own advantages and appropriated the grassland campaign in the making of the local landscape. This poaching further elucidates James Scott's concept of ideological resistance by focusing on the creative use of nonoppositional nature, which is an important way in which local people could express their agency in the oppressive regime of socialist China. This article calls attention to how nonsubversive co‐optation of state policies can function as an expression of agency in the making of local human‐environmental history, even on the part of individuals who are actively accommodating to the ideology of the dominant regime.     

EPOCH‘92全球GPS联测部分站资料的处理结果

ＩＧＳ在１９９２．６．２１～１９９２．９．２２组织了全球ＧＰＳ联测，在此期间的７．２６～８．８二周时间为加强观测，参加台站多达６００余个，用以研究ＧＰＳ的各个方面，取名为ＥＰＯＣＨ＇９２。本文对ＥＰＯＣＨ＇９２期间前后共１８天的全球分布的２４个站的资料进行了归算处理，得到的基线精度为５ｍｍ＋８．３５ｐｐｂ，定轨精度好于２ｍ，地球定向参数ｘｐ，ｙｐ解的精度约为１ｍａｓ。     

Characteristics of Chemical Speciation in PM_1 in Six Representative Regions in China

A better knowledge of aerosol properties is of great significance for elucidating the complex mechanisms behind frequently occurring haze pollution events. In this study, we examine the temporal and spatial variations in both PM_1 and its major chemical constituents using three-year field measurements that were collected in six representative regions in China between 2012 and 2014. Our results show that both PM_1 and its chemical compositions varied significantly in space and time, with high PM_1 loadings mainly observed in the winter. By comparing chemical constituents between clean and polluted episodes, we find that the elevated PM_1 mass concentration during pollution events should be largely attributable to significant increases in organic matter(OM) and inorganic aerosols like sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium(SNA),indicative of the critical role of primary emissions and secondary aerosols in elevating PM_1 pollution levels. The ratios of PM_1/PM_(2.5) are found to be generally high in Shanghai and Guangzhou, while relatively low ratios are seen in Xi'an and Chengdu, indicating anthropogenic emissions were more likely to accumulate in forms of finer particles. With respect to the relative importance of chemical components and meteorological factors quantified via statistical modeling practices, we find that primary emissions and secondary aerosols were the two leading factors contributing to PM_1 variations, though meteorological factors also played important roles in regulating the dispersion of atmospheric PM.     

战役系统军事专题图的研究

文中在从事城市军事系列图和战役方向系列图课题研究实践的基础上 ,提出了全新的战役系统军事专题图的基本概念和构图模式 ,并重点讨论了战役系统军事专题图的内容体系、图式规律以及在地图数据库支持下的专题地图生成系统。     

Altitudinal Distribution Of 20 Persistent Meteor Trains: Estimates Derived From Metro Campaign Archives

Observations of persistent meteor trains are limited because of the extreme rarity of the phenomenon. The altitudinal distribution of persistent trains has previously been investigated via limited instances of simultaneous observation from multiple sites, however, a statistical study of persistent trains has yet to be realized. The meteor train observation (METRO) campaign was established in Japan in 1998 to obtain images of persistent trains. From 1998 to 2002, the METRO campaign, involving Japanese amateur collaborators, captured more than 400 image sequences of persistent trains, resulting in 53 simultaneous multi-site observations. Several Japanese observers were involved in imaging persistent trains prior to the METRO campaign, producing 6 simultaneous observations over the period 1988–1997. In this paper, simultaneous multi-site observations of high spatial and temporal resolution are used to determine, via triangulation, the altitudinal distribution of persistent trains for 20 events. The altitudinal range of 2 Orionid trains was slightly higher than that of 18 Leonid trains. The Leonid train data reveal no clear dependence of upper and lower altitude on the brightness of the associated fireball. The upper altitude of the 18 observed Leonid trains were almost invariant with respect to local time (LT) of observation, however, a possible dependence of lower altitude on LT of observation was also found, indicating a near-constant penetrating path-length in the upper atmosphere for each train. The average upper altitude of persistent Leonid trains was 99.8 km, while the average central altitude was 93.0 km. These trends are probably determined by atmospheric conditions such as the abundance of O and O₃.     

星载双频测雨雷达航空校飞试验降水反演分析

2010年9月6日到10月20日,在江苏东台黄海附近进行了中国首次星载双频(Ku和Ka波段)测雨雷达的外场校飞试验,获得了宝贵的机载雷达数据。利用所探测的有效降水资料,对机载雷达的降水探测能力进行了性能分析。对比机载测雨雷达和同步星载测雨雷达(Precipation Radar,PR)探测的反射率因子廓线可以发现,机载雷达反射率因子廓线在1.55 km高度的探测结果和PR较为一致,尤其是融化层一致性更好,表明机载雷达有探测降水垂直结构的能力。为了进行Ka波段机载雷达的降水反演,利用卫星数据模拟器(Satellite Data Simulator Unit,SDSU)计算了k-Z_e和R-Z_e关系的系数,并在此基础上进行了衰减订正以及雨强的反演。结果表明,Ku和Ka波段反演的雨强廓线基本一致,证实了反演系数的合理性。