满足约束条件的月球卫星飞行轨道的初步设计

讨论满足约束条件的月球卫星飞行轨道的设计问题，将约束条件分类为只与太阳，月球，地球，飞行器和观测站之间的相对位置有关的运行学约束条件以及涉及到飞行器轨道运行的动力学约束条件，在考虑月球卫星轨道的受力情况后，给出一种准确快速地计算和设计满足约束条件的标准飞行轨道的方法，并应用于不同约束条件下月球卫星的轨道预设计，初步讨论了轨道设计的误差分析，轨道跟踪及实时精密定轨等正在进行的其它相关工作。     

嫦娥一号绕月探测卫星精密定轨实现

对探月任务精密定轨技术进行了论述,分析了轨道确定过程中的关键技术问题。基于SMART-1探月卫星测轨数据,对精密定轨软件系统进行了测试验证,3 d数据弧段定轨结果精度优于百米。在嫦娥一号任务实施过程中,各轨道段轨道的计算结果准确,卫星成功进入环月使命轨道,特别是原计划三次中途修正仅执行了一次,为卫星节约了宝贵的燃料。与外部星历互差的结果表明,整个任务阶段定轨精度在百米量级,环月段定轨精度约数十米。实施结果表明,该文给出的定轨技术理论正确,关键技术解决有效,完全满足探月任务工程测控和科学研究的需要。     

Linear and weakly nonlinear internal wave theories applied to “morning glory” waves

Abstract

Detailed comparisons are made between the predictions of Benjamin's weakly nonlinear theory for internal solitary waves in fluids of great depth, with observational data on solitary wave-type disturbances in the lower atmosphere associated with the “morning glory” phenomenon.

It is shown that, while the theory is not wholly unreasonable, neither is it completely satisfactory. In particular, although the calculated wave speeds are generally close to those observed, they are no improvement on those based on linear long wave theory; at the same time the predicted wave half-widths are too large by a factor of two to three. The limitations of the theory appear to be associated with the requirement that wave half-widths are much less than the total fluid depth, a condition not satisfied in the atmospheric case. However, the alternative theory for shallow fluids, based on the Korteweg-de Vries equation is found to be even more unsuitable.

Our analyses highlight some of the problems in comparing theory with observations and bring to the fore some of the present limitations of the data for such purposes.     

Simulating Martian regolith in the laboratory

Regolith and dust cover the surfaces of the Solar Systems solid bodies, and thus constitute the visible surface of these objects. The topmost layers also interact with space or the atmosphere in the case of Mars, Venus and Titan. Surface probes have been proposed, studied and flown to some of these worlds. Landers and some of the mechanisms they carry, e.g. sampling devices, drills and subsurface probes (“moles”) will interact with the porous surface layer. The absence of true extraterrestrial test materials in ample quantities restricts experiments to the use of soil or regolith analogue materials. Several standardized soil simulants have been developed and produced and are commonly used for a variety of laboratory experiments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of some of the most important soil simulants, and describe experiments (penetrometry, thermal conductivity, aeolian transport, goniometry, spectroscopy and exobiology) made in various European laboratory facilities.     

The scientific rationale for the C1XS X-ray spectrometer on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission to the moon

The UK-built Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) will fly as an ESA instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon, launched in October 2008. C1XS builds on experience gained with the earlier D-CIXS instrument on SMART-1, but will be a scientifically much more capable instrument. Here we describe the scientific objectives of this instrument, which include mapping the abundances of the major rock-forming elements (principally Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Ca and Fe) in the lunar crust. These data will aid in determining whether regional compositional differences (e.g., the Mg/Fe ratio) are consistent with models of lunar crustal evolution. C1XS data will also permit geochemical studies of smaller scale features, such as the ejecta blankets and central peaks of large impact craters, and individual lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. These objectives all bear on important, and currently unresolved, questions in lunar science, including the structure and evolution of any primordial magma ocean, as revealed by vertical and lateral geochemical variations in the crust, and the composition of the lunar mantle, which will further constrain theories of the Moon's origin, thermal history and internal structure.     

LunarEX—a proposal to cosmic vision

While the surface missions to the Moon of the 1970s achieved a great deal, scientifically much was also left unresolved. The recent plethora of lunar missions (flown or proposed) reflects a resurgence in interest in the Moon, not only in its own right, but also as a record of the early solar system including the formation of the Earth. Results from recent orbiter missions have shown evidence of ice or at least hydrogen within shadowed craters at the lunar poles.     

China's Lunar Exploration Program: Present and future

China launched its first lunar probe, Chang’E-1, at 6:05 p.m. (10:05 GMT), October 24, 2007. Chang’E-1 blasted off on a Long March 3A carrier rocket from the No. 3 launch tower in the Xichang Satellite Launch Center of southwestern Sichuan Province. China National Space Administration performed the lunar orbit injection maneuver for Chang’E-1 at 11:25 a.m. on November 5, 2007 (China Standard Time). Chang’E-1 was injected into the lunar orbit after the maneuver, and will begin to explore the moon in the following 1 year. It is the first step into its ambitious three-phase moon mission, marking a new milestone in the Chinese space exploration history.     

月球探测的进展与中国的月球探测

介绍了月球探测历程、第一次探月高潮中在月球的形状、大小、轨道参数、近月空间环境、月表结构与特征、月球的岩石类型与化学组成、月球的资源与能源、月球的内部结构与演化历史等方面所取得的成果。提出了中国开展月球探测的初步设想,认为近期中国的月球探测应以不载人月球探测为宗旨,分为“绕、落、回”三个发展阶段,即环月探测、月面软着陆器探测与月球车月面巡视勘察、月面软着陆与采样返回。     

月基InSAR观测地球大尺度形变能力的初步研究——以固体地球垂向潮汐形变为例

从合成孔径雷达干涉测量的原理出发,针对月基InSAR观测地球宏观物理现象的大尺度、连续性、长期性、动态观测等特点,首次以固体地球垂向潮汐形变为例对月基InSAR观测地球大尺度形变现象进行了仿真模拟,分析了该技术的远程大范围观测能力。根据固体地球垂向潮汐形变的大尺度分布特征和月基雷达的超大幅宽的观测特点,采用简化月基雷达观测几何模型,选定经纬跨度均为50°的中低纬区域为模拟测区,并计算了月基雷达重访周期与雷达波束扫过选定模拟测区内各点时的垂向潮汐形变,将形变计算结果进行时间差分,得到差分相对垂向潮汐形变,即是月基InSAR可观测到的垂向潮汐形变。模拟数值结果表明,月基雷达的重访周期约为24.8 h,在30天内各点的差分垂向潮汐形变可达30 cm。鉴于目前月基InSAR的理论形变观测精度达到厘米级,因此理论上用月基InSAR技术能够观测到模拟测区固体地球大范围垂向潮汐整体形变,也能利用观测数据研究地球潮汐大范围时间和空间变化特征;另一方面模拟结果也可为月基SAR观测其他地球宏观物理现象的参数设计与模拟提供参考。     

月面环境过程研究评述

月球在停止强烈地质活动后,持续了30多亿年的月面环境过程,虽破坏了月球早期岩浆洋演化和撞击事件的原始信息,但也很好地将这一过程信息刻录到了月表物质和月面环境现象中。一方面,长期的太空风化过程形成了月壤颗粒特有的表层微观结构、np Fe0、Fe-Si化合物及矿物水等;另一方面,这些特性又是影响月球表面热环境及尘埃环境的重要因素。在当前月球探测快速推进的形势下,工程实施迫切需要更系统地认识月面环境过程,而我国嫦娥五号任务将实现月球采样返回,也将是开展月面环境过程研究的重要契机。为此,本文总结了月面环境过程研究的现状,分析了存在的主要问题和未来研究的方向。