The scientific rationale for the C1XS X-ray spectrometer on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission to the moon

The UK-built Chandrayaan-1 X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) will fly as an ESA instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon, launched in October 2008. C1XS builds on experience gained with the earlier D-CIXS instrument on SMART-1, but will be a scientifically much more capable instrument. Here we describe the scientific objectives of this instrument, which include mapping the abundances of the major rock-forming elements (principally Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Ca and Fe) in the lunar crust. These data will aid in determining whether regional compositional differences (e.g., the Mg/Fe ratio) are consistent with models of lunar crustal evolution. C1XS data will also permit geochemical studies of smaller scale features, such as the ejecta blankets and central peaks of large impact craters, and individual lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. These objectives all bear on important, and currently unresolved, questions in lunar science, including the structure and evolution of any primordial magma ocean, as revealed by vertical and lateral geochemical variations in the crust, and the composition of the lunar mantle, which will further constrain theories of the Moon's origin, thermal history and internal structure.     

钻进取样试验用模拟月壤

[摘 要]钻具在月壤中进行钻进取样,是一个钻具与月壤相互作用的过程。为获得可靠的月壤钻具,在其研制过程中应在月壤里进行钻进试验。但地球上的真实月壤很珍贵,难以满足钻进试验的需要。采用能够较好地模拟真实月壤主要物理力学特性的模拟月壤,代替真实月壤进行钻进取样试验,是月壤钻具研制的一个必要手段。国外已对月壤进行了大量的研究,并取得了丰富的成果。本文在对真实月壤以及模拟月壤研究进行总结的基础上,对月壤钻具研制中所需的模拟月壤进行了简要的阐述,可供月壤钻具研制参考。     

模拟月壤螺旋钻进力载特性分析

月球钻探取样具有钻进对象松散、钻机功率小、质量轻、钻进过程无冲洗介质等难点,螺旋钻进因其连续排屑和干式回转钻进的能力,成为最具可行性的月球钻探取样方式之一。为确保在设备能力和月表环境限制下实现深层月壤钻探取样目的,针对月壤/模拟月壤物理力学特性,对螺旋钻探取样过程进行力载特性分析。分析表明,月球钻探具有螺旋叶片宽度窄、回转速度高的特点,可采用钻屑颗粒模式求得临界回转速度,然后选择合理的钻进工艺。螺旋钻进功耗包括钻头切削月壤的功耗和钻进排屑功耗,可根据功耗模型研究各变量对功率的影响规律,从而为钻具结构优化和钻进参数优选提供理论指导。     

磁暴月相二倍法的计算发震日期与全球MS ≥ 7.5大地震的对应关系

应用磁暴月相二倍法对1998年5月～2001年1月期间全球发生的MS≥7.5大地震进行研究.在16次大地震中发生于磁暴月相二倍法得出的计算发震日期(±5天)有13次;在15次计算发震日期中有11次对应MS≥7.5大地震,2次对应7.0≤MS≤7.4地震.研究表明K指数大的起倍磁暴日与MS≥7.8特大地震的发生有较好的相关性,发生在月相的磁暴与MS≥7.5大地震相关关系较好.     

The secular acceleration of the Moon determined from lunar laser ranging data

Lunar Laser Ranging data covering the interval from August 1969 to December 1987 were used to determine the seculer acceleration in the mean longitude of the Moon (\.n). In our analysis, the DE200/LE200 planets and lunar ephemerides were adopted for calculating the theoretical distance between the observing station and reflector. The method of stepwise regression was used in the processing of the data and the value of –25.4 ± 0. 1/cy² was obtained by a weighted least squares fit.Our result is in good agreement with that derived by other authors using various methods. The uncertainty (\.n) estimated from LLR data would be decreasing rapidly with increasing the data span. The high precision obtained in this paper is mainly due to the longer span and higher measuring accuracy of data.     

南极月球陨石MIL05035矿物学、岩石学及演化历史

月球陨石MIL05035岩石类型上属于普通辉石低钛玄武岩,粗粒辉长结构,无角砾化。主要矿物为辉石(60.2%)、斜长石(27.3%)和橄榄石(6.05%),次要矿物为石英(4.36%)、钛铁矿(1.25%)和陨硫铁(0.84%),含极少量富Ti、Fe尖晶石和磷灰石,广泛发育由钙铁辉石+铁橄榄石+石英组成的后成合晶三相集合体。辉石颗粒具有明显的化学成分不均匀性和出溶片晶,核部相对贫铁钙富镁(Fs30.2-60.8Wo14.2-35.0),边部富铁钙贫镁(Fs47.5-64.9Wo22.8-44.3)。熔长石化斜长石具有微弱的成分环带,边部相对富碱金属元素(Ab9.3-12.3,Or0.31-1.03),核部则相反(Ab7.6-10.6,Or0.12-0.36),含有未熔长石化的残留斜长石。橄榄石具有粗晶橄榄石(Fa95.5-96.6)和后成合晶中细粒橄榄石(Fa88.9-93.5)两种产状。石英具有脉状、团块状和蠕虫状等产状:脉状石英大部分转变为二氧化硅玻璃,核部石英具有较宽的拉曼谱特征峰(448~502cm-1),证明其经历了冲击变质与退变质作用;团块状石英分布于粗粒橄榄石颗粒间或橄榄石与斜长石和辉石接触边界上,与斜长石构成充填结构;蠕虫状石英分布于细粒后成合晶中。粗粒辉石边部铁辉石和后成合晶中辉石成分的继承性、结构上的延续性、光学特征上的冲击暗化现象、与冲击熔脉结构上的相关性和后成合晶中发育与粗粒辉石方向几乎一致的解理等方面的证据,认为后成合晶可能由于铁辉石在冲击压力释放与温度降低后的退变质作用下分解形成。根据岩石矿物结构观察、成分分析和MELTS模拟表明该陨石母岩的岩浆演化过程可能为:母岩浆在温度降低后首先产生极少量钛铁尖晶石、其次是普通辉石和钙长石先后结晶;随着温度下降,贫钙铁普通辉石、铁钙铁辉石和铁普通辉石等在普通辉石边部大量结晶,钙长石边部分异结晶少量培长石或拉长石;随着温度继续下降,早期结晶的普通辉石析出易变辉石等出溶片晶,橄榄石在辉石和斜长石边部结晶;其后,钛铁矿和陨硫铁析出,石英沿橄榄石和钙长石等先结晶矿物裂隙充填。出露月表后强烈的冲击变质作用使斜长石几乎全部转变为熔长石、石英大部分转变为二氧化硅玻璃,并具有一系列面状变形,冲击熔脉发育,冲击变质程度至少为S5。本研究为月球的岩浆演化和冲击变质过程提供了重要证据。     

月面环境过程研究评述

月球在停止强烈地质活动后,持续了30多亿年的月面环境过程,虽破坏了月球早期岩浆洋演化和撞击事件的原始信息,但也很好地将这一过程信息刻录到了月表物质和月面环境现象中。一方面,长期的太空风化过程形成了月壤颗粒特有的表层微观结构、np Fe0、Fe-Si化合物及矿物水等;另一方面,这些特性又是影响月球表面热环境及尘埃环境的重要因素。在当前月球探测快速推进的形势下,工程实施迫切需要更系统地认识月面环境过程,而我国嫦娥五号任务将实现月球采样返回,也将是开展月面环境过程研究的重要契机。为此,本文总结了月面环境过程研究的现状,分析了存在的主要问题和未来研究的方向。     

The influence of long tides on ecosystem dynamics in the Barents Sea

The Barents Sea ecosystem has been associated with large biomass fluctuations. If there is a hidden deterministic process behind the Barents Sea ecosystem, we may forecast the biomass in order to control it. This presentation concludes, for the first time, investigations of a long data series from North Atlantic water and the Barents Sea ecosystem. The analysis is based on a wavelet spectrum analysis from the data series of annual mean Atlantic sea level, North Atlantic water temperature, the Kola section water temperature, and species from the Barents Sea ecosystem.The investigation has identified dominant fluctuations correlated with the 9.3-yr phase tide, the 18.6-yr amplitude tide, and a 74-yr superharmonic cycle in the North Atlantic water, Barents Sea water, and Arctic data series. The correlation between the tidal cycles and dominant Barents Sea ecosystem cycles is estimated to be R=0.6 or better. The long-term mean fluctuations correlate with the 74-yr superharmonic cycle. The wavelets analysis shows that the long-term 74-yr cycle may introduce a phase reversal in the identified 18-yr periods of temperature and salinity. The present analysis suggests that forced vertical and horizontal nodal tides influence the ocean's thermohaline circulation, and that they behave as a coupled non-linear oscillation system.The Barents Sea ecosystem analysis shows that the biomass life cycle and the long-term fluctuations correlate better than R=0.5 to the lunar nodal tide spectrum. Barents Sea capelin has a life cycle related to a third harmonic of the 9.3-yr tide. The life cycles of shrimp, cod, herring, and haddock are related to a third harmonic of the 18.6-yr tide. Biomass growth was synchronized to the lunar nodal tide. The biomass growth of zooplankton and shrimp correlates with the current aspect of lunar nodal tidal inflow to the Barents Sea. The long-term biomass fluctuation of cod and herring is correlated with a cycle period of about 3×18.6=55.8 yr. This analysis suggests that we may understand the Barents Sea ecosystem dynamic as a free-coupled oscillating system to the forced lunar nodal tides. This free-coupled oscillating system has a resonance related to the oscillating long tides and the third harmonic and superharmonic cycles.     

我国月球探测的总体科学目标与发展战略

基于中国VLBI网的同波束技术对嫦娥三号着陆器和巡视器进行了跟踪测量,依据探测器的数传和遥测信标特征分别获得差分群时延和相时延两类测量量。由于两探测器所处地势平缓,采用了运动学统计和高程固定的约束方法相结合的定位模式,基于同波束差分群时延和相时延分别获得100 m和1 m的相对定位精度。对未来探月三期探测器返回时的目标分离、对接等过程及其他未来深空探测项目中的相对定位具有重要借鉴意义。     

月球探测的进展与中国的月球探测

介绍了月球探测历程、第一次探月高潮中在月球的形状、大小、轨道参数、近月空间环境、月表结构与特征、月球的岩石类型与化学组成、月球的资源与能源、月球的内部结构与演化历史等方面所取得的成果。提出了中国开展月球探测的初步设想,认为近期中国的月球探测应以不载人月球探测为宗旨,分为“绕、落、回”三个发展阶段,即环月探测、月面软着陆器探测与月球车月面巡视勘察、月面软着陆与采样返回。