Measurement of Ejecta from Normal Incident Hypervelocity Impact on Lunar Regolith Simulant

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continues to make progress toward long-term lunar habitation. Critical to the design of a lunar habitat is an understanding of the lunar surface environment. A subject for further definition is the lunar impact ejecta environment. The document NASA SP-8013 was developed for the Apollo program and is the latest definition of the ejecta environment. There is concern that NASA SP-8013 may over-estimate the lunar ejecta environment. NASA’s Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO) has initiated several tasks to improve the accuracy of our understanding of the lunar surface ejecta environment. This paper reports the results of experiments on projectile impact into powered pumice targets, simulating unconsolidated lunar regolith. The Ames Vertical Gun Range (AVGR) was used to accelerate spherical Pyrex projectiles of 0.29g to velocities ranging between 2.5 and 5.18 km/s. Impact on the pumice target occurred at normal incidence. The ejected particles were detected by thin aluminum foil targets placed around the pumice target in a 0.5 Torr vacuum. A simplistic technique to characterize the ejected particles was formulated. Improvements to this technique will be discussed for implementation in future tests.     

武汉和阿德莱德大气太阴N2潮及M2潮的对比分析

利用阿德莱德（35°S,138°E）和武汉（30.6°N,114.5°E）的流星雷达观测数据首次给出了80~100 km高度上周期为12.66太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（N₂潮）的季节、高度、年度变化及其与周期为12.42太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（M₂潮）的对比分析.分析结果表明：武汉和阿德莱德的N₂潮和M₂潮均有明显的季节、高度和年度变化.N₂潮与M₂潮的幅度比值大于其引力势之比0.191,在某些年份的不同季节和高度上,N₂潮的幅度甚至大于M₂潮的幅度.大多幅度之比接近或超过N₂潮和M₂潮引力势之比的2倍.中低热层的大气太阴N₂潮汐值得关注.     

Accurate Mars Express orbits to improve the determination of the mass and ephemeris of the Martian moons

The determination of the ephemeris of the Martian moons has benefited from observations of their plane-of-sky positions derived from images taken by cameras onboard spacecraft orbiting Mars. Images obtained by the Super Resolution Camera (SRC) onboard Mars Express (MEX) have been used to derive moon positions relative to Mars on the basis of a fit of a complete dynamical model of their motion around Mars. Since, these positions are computed from the relative position of the spacecraft when the images are taken, those positions need to be known as accurately as possible. An accurate MEX orbit is obtained by fitting two years of tracking data of the Mars Express Radio Science (MaRS) experiment onboard MEX. The average accuracy of the orbits has been estimated to be around 20–25 m. From these orbits, we have re-derived the positions of Phobos and Deimos at the epoch of the SRC observations and compared them with the positions derived by using the MEX orbits provided by the ESOC navigation team. After fit of the orbital model of Phobos and Deimos, the gain in precision in the Phobos position is roughly 30 m, corresponding to the estimated gain of accuracy of the MEX orbits. A new solution of the GM of the Martian moons has also been obtained from the accurate MEX orbits, which is consistent with previous solutions and, for Phobos, is more precise than the solution from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Odyssey (ODY) tracking data. It will be further improved with data from MEX-Phobos closer encounters (at a distance less than 300 km). This study also demonstrates the advantage of combining observations of the moon positions from a spacecraft and from the Earth to assess the real accuracy of the spacecraft orbit. In turn, the natural satellite ephemerides can be improved and participate to a better knowledge of the origin and evolution of the Martian moons.     

用正月十五月影长度预测乌盟地区汛期降水的机理分析

介绍了用正月十五月影长度作乌盟地区汛期降水预报的方法。分析指出，月影长度实际上反映正月十五上中天时刻的月赤纬的大小，月影短月赤 纬大，而月影长则月赤纬小。     

华南强震相关背景的一些环境因子初探

研究了华南强震与太阳黑子、月相、地球自转和宇宙线GLE事件的关系,发现华南强震在太阳黑子活动周期中分布很不均衡,主要分布在峰段和谷段,这两段占76％,其中谷段占40～50％;由月相分布表明．阴历月份的初四和初十前后,是强震易发生时段,较之其它时段高3倍;此外．文中还给出华南强震与地球自转日长变化,宇宙线CLE事件等相关分析的初步结果。     

近200年来全球地震活动与月相及地球自公转的关系分析

对1811-2008年近200年来全球地震活动与月相、日地距离、地球自转速度这三个天文因素的统计分析表明,月相不论与全球地震还是全球大地震之间似乎无统计关系,全球地震的发生与日地距离似乎无统计关系。本文还进一步对全球M≥7．5的大地震进行了统计,结果表明M≥7．5的大地震与地球处于近日点似乎有一定的关系,但关系不太明显。全球除了8．0〉M≥7．0的地震基本上符合发震的自然概率外,在M≥9．0、9．0〉M≥8．0、6．0〉M≥5．0、4．0〉M≥3．0这些震级段地震发生的机率在地球自转减速期比较小,在地球自转加速期发生的机率比较大,似乎地球自转速度的变化对全球地震活动有一定的促发作用,但不明显。     

地月空间粒子辐射环境及其对月表物质的影响研究进展

由于没有全球磁场和稠密大气保护,月球直接受宇宙线、太阳风和地球风粒子的轰击.了解月球空间粒子辐射的特性、粒子的来源和传输等过程,本身是亟待解决的空间科学基础问题,同时还可帮助更好地提供预报和预警,为保障探月和载人登月等活动的安全提供理论参考;此外,月球空间辐射环境中的粒子与月表作用产生的水等物质对载人登月和月球基地意义重大,且月表物质保存了空间环境较为完整的信息和演化历史,对研究地月系统及太阳系其他天体(乃至系外行星)的宜居性与演化,也具有重要的科学价值.本文在简要总结地月空间粒子辐射环境研究现状的基础上,重点分析了近月粒子辐射环境及其对月表物质所产生的影响,梳理了宇宙线、太阳能量粒子事件、太阳风、地球风以及月源粒子等不同辐射的来源和传输机制,这些粒子与月表作用产生水、赤铁矿、中性原子等物质的过程,以及相关过程对月球空间环境的影响、对地月系统演化的启示等关键科学问题,并提出了解决问题所面临的技术难点,最后对未来可能的重点研究内容进行了展望,可为后续月球探测任务(例如嫦娥四期和国际月球科研站等)相关领域科技规划提供一定的参考.

     

月球探测中若干问题的研究及进展

本文主要介绍了在第二次探月高潮中对于月球重力场、月球天平动、月球耗散效应等月球物理特性的研究成果,以及建立月球参考框架以及布设月面控制网等月球大地测量方面的方法和进展,并探讨了月球探测过程中应用到的相关技术,最后,对月球探测的进一步发展做出展望.     

应用Lane-Emden方程分析下月幔厚度与月核半径大小

文中取圈层结构和球对称形态为月球的基本结构假设,并以月球平均密度和无量纲惯性矩作为约束,数值求解月球Lane-Emden方程,得到下月幔厚度和月核大小的变化范围.结果表明月核的密度在4.7 ~7.0 g/cm3范围内变化时,月核半径的变化范围为704~356 km,相应的月幔厚度的变化范围约为33～381 km,月核占月球总质量的百分比在0.6%～7%之间变化.所得结果可为后续的关于月球内部结构的研究提供一定的参考.     

在嫦娥一号探月工程中求定月球重力场

月球重力场制约着近月外空间物体的运动,同时环月飞行器的运动也反映了月球重力场的作用. 本文结合我国嫦娥一号探月工程,探讨了利用月球卫星的地面跟踪资料,求定月球重力场的基本理论和方法,分析了环月卫星的轨道高度、地面跟踪采样时间间隔和跟踪精度等对求定月球重力场的影响. 若单独利用我国嫦娥一号探月工程的地面跟踪数据,恢复30阶次左右的月球重力场模型是一个比较实际的目标. 地面跟踪最好能以75s的时间间隔进行采样,数据连续提供时间应不少于30个昼夜,月球卫星星下点的月面轨迹间距不大于110km.