一种适用于古天文研究的月亮历表

通过对古天文研究中用到的月亮历表的特点及制作方法的分析，认为Ｃｈａｐｒｏｎｔ的半分析月亮历表在大时间尺度下具有良好的稳定性，适合古天文研究的应用．在此理论基础上，制作了一个简化的、实用的月亮历表．该历表与Ｃｈａｐｒｏｎｔ的历表在１５００Ｂ．Ｃ．～２０００Ａ．Ｄ．的黄经系统差在１．５″之内．为应用方便，给出了简化历表所用的月亮参数的高次表达式、傅里叶系数表及一个算例，读者可据此编制自己的计算月亮位置的程序。     

月面反射器观测位置的高精度预报

本文利用JPL的DE303/LE303星历表建立了一套预报月面反射器相对于地面观测站位置的计算机程序,并对预报精度作了估计,结果表明预报精度达到毫角秒级。     

A comparison of grain‐size analysis methods for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments

Grain‐size distribution is a fundamental tool for interpreting sedimentary units within depositional systems. The techniques assessed in this study are commonly used to determine grain‐size distributions for sand‐dominated sediments. However, the degree of consistency and differences in interpretation when using a combination of grain‐size methods have not yet been assessed systematically for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments. Results obtained from laser diffraction, X‐ray attenuation and scanning electron microscopy grain‐size analysis techniques were compared with those obtained from the traditional sieve/hydrometer method. Scanning electron microscopy was shown to provide an inaccurate quantitative analysis of grain‐size distributions because of difficulties in obtaining representative samples for examination. The X‐ray attenuation method is unsuitable for sand‐dominated sediments because of its upper size range of only 300 μm. The consistently strong correlation between the laser diffraction results and the sieve/hydrometer results shows that these methods are comparable for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments. Provided that sample preparation is consistent, the latter two methods can be used together within a study of such sediments while maintaining a high degree of accuracy. These results indicate that data for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments gained from the long‐established sieve/hydrometer method can be compared with confidence to those obtained by modern studies using laser diffraction techniques.     

Identification and micro‐stratigraphy of hyperpycnites and turbidites in Cretaceous Lewis Shale,Wyoming

Sandy hyperpycnal flows and their deposits, hyperpycnites, have been documented in modern environments and, more recently, in Cretaceous and Tertiary strata; they may be more common in the rock record, and within petroleum reservoirs, than has been previously thought. Muddy hyperpycnites also occur within the rock record, but these are more difficult to document because of their finer‐grained nature and lack of common sedimentary structures. This paper documents the presence of submarine slope mudstone and siltstone hyperpycnites (and muddy turbidites) in the delta‐fed, Upper Cretaceous Lewis Shale of Wyoming; based on field measurements, analyses of rock slabs and thin sections, and laser grain‐size distributions. Four lithofacies comprise laminated and thin‐bedded mudstones that are associated with levéed channel sandstones: (L1) grey, laminated, graded mudstone with thin siltstone and sandstone interbeds; (L2) dark grey to tan, laminated mudstone with very thin siltstone and sandstone stringers; (L3) light grey, laminated siltstones; and (L4) laminated mudstones and siltstones with thin sandstone interbeds. Two styles of mudstone grain‐size grading have been documented. The first type is an upward‐fining interval that typically ranges in thickness from 2·5 to 5 cm. The second type is a couplet of a lower, upward‐coarsening interval and an upper, upward‐fining interval (sometimes separated by a micro‐erosion surface) which, combined, are about 3·8 cm thick. Both individual laminae and groups of laminae spaced millimetres apart exhibit these two grain‐size trends. Although sedimentary structures indicative of traction‐plus‐fallout sedimentary processes associated with sandier hyperpycnites are generally absent in these muddy sediments, the size grading patterns are similar to those postulated in the literature for sandy hyperpycnites. Thus, the combined upward‐coarsening, then upward‐fining couplets are interpreted to be the result of a progressive increase in river discharge during waxing and peak flood stage (upward increase in grain‐size), followed by waning flow after the flood begins to abate (upward decrease in grain‐size). The micro‐erosion surface that sometimes divides the two parts of the size‐graded couplet resulted from waxing flows of sufficiently high velocity to erode the sediment previously deposited by the same flow. Individual laminae sets which only exhibit upward‐fining trends could be either the result of waning flow deposition from either dilute turbidity currents or from hyperpycnal flows. The occurrence of these sets with the size‐graded couplets suggests that they are associated with hyperpycnal processes.     

动态位姿激光跟踪测量定向解算精度分析

激光跟踪仪采用激光干涉测量技术,可对空间运动目标进行跟踪并实时测量其空间三维坐标,具有采样频率高、测量精度高、测量范围大等特点。根据测量对象动态性的特点,对动态位姿测量的需求更加迫切,由多台激光跟踪仪组成的测量系统对目标进行实时动态位姿测量引起人们的关注。文中由3台激光跟踪仪组成动态测量系统,建立测站坐标系,根据空间直角坐标系转换模型统一测量坐标系,提出两种转换参数的计算方法,并通过实验验证两种方法的可行性和精度。     

基于直线特征检测的道路边线自动提取方法

针对如何从车载激光点云数据中快速、准确地提取道路边线的问题,本文提出一种基于直线特征检测的道路边线自动提取方法。首先对原始点云进行地面滤波,删除非地面点,获取包含道路信息的地面点云,接着把点云投影到二维图像上,根据反射强度获得平均强度图像,对平均强度图像进行LSD直线检测,获得道路边线的直线段,然后进行直线连接,把检测出来的短线段连接成长直线,最后根据直线特征提取出道路边线,并且利用定量指标对提取结果进行定量分析。实验证明,该方法提取的道路边线具有较高的准确率和完整性。     

基于激光反射率的点云与图像自动融合

提出一个基于激光反射率的点云图像自动融合算法,数字图像与点云反射率图像特征点匹配,得到数字图像特征点像点坐标和相应物点物方空间坐标对,采用直接线性变换算法(DLT)建立点云数据反投影至二维图像点的投影模型,实现点云图像自动融合,得到目标表面的全面信息,包括物体表面三维坐标和纹理信息。自动地实现点云图像融合,无需人工参与,提高效率和准确率,同时结合实验验证该算法的可行性。     

Accuracy of tree diameter estimation from terrestrial laser scanning by circle-fitting methods

This study compares the accuracies of diameter at breast height (DBH) estimations by three initial (minimum bounding box, centroid, and maximum distance) and two refining (Monte Carlo and optimal circle) circle-fitting methods The circle-fitting algorithms were evaluated in multi-scan mode and a simulated single-scan mode on 157 European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). DBH measured by a calliper was used as reference data. Most of the studied circle-fitting algorithms significantly underestimated the mean DBH in both scanning modes. Only the Monte Carlo method in the single-scan mode significantly overestimated the mean DBH. The centroid method proved to be the least suitable and showed significantly different results from the other circle-fitting methods in both scanning modes. In multi-scan mode, the accuracy of the minimum bounding box method was not significantly different from the accuracies of the refining methods The accuracy of the maximum distance method was significantly different from the accuracies of the refining methods in both scanning modes. The accuracy of the Monte Carlo method was significantly different from the accuracy of the optimal circle method in only single-scan mode. The optimal circle method proved to be the most accurate circle-fitting method for DBH estimation from point clouds in both scanning modes.     

Automated matching of multiple terrestrial laser scans for stem mapping without the use of artificial references

Terrestrial laser scanning has been widely used to analyze the 3D structure of a forest in detail and to generate data at the level of a reference plot for forest inventories without destructive measurements. Multi-scan terrestrial laser scanning is more commonly applied to collect plot-level data so that all of the stems can be detected and analyzed. However, it is necessary to match the point clouds of multiple scans to yield a point cloud with automated processing. Mismatches between datasets will lead to errors during the processing of multi-scan data. Classic registration methods based on flat surfaces cannot be directly applied in forest environments; therefore, artificial reference objects have conventionally been used to assist with scan matching. The use of artificial references requires additional labor and expertise, as well as greatly increasing the cost. In this study, we present an automated processing method for plot-level stem mapping that matches multiple scans without artificial references. In contrast to previous studies, the registration method developed in this study exploits the natural geometric characteristics among a set of tree stems in a plot and combines the point clouds of multiple scans into a unified coordinate system. Integrating multiple scans improves the overall performance of stem mapping in terms of the correctness of tree detection, as well as the bias and the root-mean-square errors of forest attributes such as diameter at breast height and tree height. In addition, the automated processing method makes stem mapping more reliable and consistent among plots, reduces the costs associated with plot-based stem mapping, and enhances the efficiency.     

基于三维激光扫描技术的表面积测绘

介绍表面积测绘的原理,讨论三维激光扫描技术应用于表面积计算的方法、流程及优势,并以某垃圾填埋场封场覆膜表面积测绘为例,采用三维激光扫描技术获取点云计算表面积,并与已知值进行比较。实验结果表明,基于三维激光扫描技术的方法结合相关参数经验值得到的结果能满足高精度表面积量算的需求,从而为高精度表面积量算提供高效全新的技术手段。