安徽省震中快速定位查询系统

基于VB6.0软件开发平台,以MapInfo GIS软件为数据支撑平台,建立了安徽省震中快速定位查询系统。系统主要实现了震中快速定位查询显示功能、基于GIS数据的空间分析和定量计算分析功能。为地震应急响应提供辅助决策,为震后资源调度、伤员输送、人员疏散等提供科学信息,提高了应急救援的效率。     

具有多种断层结构岩样的形变和破裂特征的试验研究

在岩石板上切割出多条切缝并以石膏填充,将其分为3个构造特征区:A区(断层交汇区)、B区(左行左列岩桥区)、C区(右行左列岩桥区)。采用双轴加压、定点应变、声发射信息系统和实时全息干涉计量方法(激光)进行观测研究。结果表明:在岩样破坏孕育过程中,各个特征区都出现了特大破裂。每个特大破裂发生前定点应变、激光干涉条纹图(应变场)和声发射信息都出现了特征变化。特大破裂的发生有先后,其前兆特征的出现也有先后,并且各区有各自的特点,某些前兆还可能在各区之间交替出现。研究认为,三个区的断层结构性质不同,这就导致了不同的破裂顺序,甚至产生不同的前兆现象。     

高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位大幅下降的联动效应

"嫦娥"一号、二号绕月飞行经历地球磁尾边界层区域时,分别在2007年11月26日—2008年2月5日和2010年10月3日—2011年2月28日,发现了15次月球轨道0.1~2 MeV电子急剧增加(Bursts of 0.1~2 MeV Energetic Electrons,BEE),卫星周围等离子体离子加速的现象.统计研究表明,这类现象发生在稳定太阳风和弱行星际磁场条件下,且无显著空间环境扰动事件发生时,离子的加速滞后于高能电子爆发,离子能量的变化与高能电子通量的时间演化正相关,地球磁鞘内侧或边界层过渡区域是该类现象的高发区,离子能量增加时卫星表面电位大幅下降可达负几千伏.为了研究高能电子爆发与绕月卫星表面电位变化的关系及其对月球表面电位的影响,本文用电流平衡法建立绕月卫星和月球表面充电模型,并假设能量电子(2eV~2 MeV)满足幂律谱的分布,模拟急剧增加的能量电子对卫星和月球表面电位的影响.模拟结果表明,能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降;能量电子总流量1011 cm-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负上千伏;月球充电到大的负电位的时间仅为卫星充电时间的1/10.鉴于高能电子急剧增加事件的高发生率(~125次/年),能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星表面电位大幅下降的发生率应大于实测等离子体离子加速现象的发生率(~25次/年).     

基于机载激光扫描数据提取建筑物的研究现状

机载激光扫描系统是集成了GPS、惯性导航系统(INS)和扫描激光测距系统并利用飞机作为运行平台,来获取地面的三维位置,进而快速生成数字表面模型(DSM)。随着机载扫描激光测距系统的不断完善和发展,获取城市DSM数据也变得越来越快速,而且方便和经济可靠,地面激光点的密度也大大提高。目前国外激光扫描系统的激光点密度一般都达到了1～20点/m2,因此利用机载激光扫描系统获取的城市DSM提取建筑物也渐渐受到重视。利用激光扫描数据提取建筑物可以分为两大类,第一类是单纯以获取的机载激光测距数据来提取建筑物,第二类是融合激光测距数据和其他相关信息的建筑物提取,如融合航空影像、融合IKONOS高分辨率卫星影像来提取建筑物。本文对国际上利用机载激光扫描测距数据进行建筑物提取的最新研究进展进行了一些分析,同时也给出了应用我国研制的机载激光扫描数据提取建筑物的试验研究和初步结果。     

Fusion of multi‐resolution surface (terrestrial laser scanning) and subsurface geodata (ERT,SRT) for karst landform investigation and geomorphometric quantification

A multi‐method research design based on terrestrial laser scanning, GIS, geophysical prospecting (electrical resistivity tomography, refraction seismics) and sedimentology is applied for the first time to investigate enclosed karst depressions in an integrated way. Fusing multi‐resolution surface and subsurface geodata provides profound insights into the formation, geometry and geomorphologic processes of dolines. The studied landforms, which are located in the Dikti Mountains of East Crete, are shown to be filled by loose sediments of thicknesses of up to 30 m that mainly consist of fine‐grained material overlying solid bedrock at depths below 35 to 45 m. By combining subsurface observations with geomorphometric calculations, local doline genesis can be traced back to initial collapse of fractured bedrock followed by subsequent infilling with colluvials. In order to define crucial methodological requirements and guidelines for data fusion, both the impact of different elevation models and the influence of data resolution are assessed. Surface volumes of depressions derived by the digital surface model are 7–21% higher than the results obtained from the terrain model due to vegetation. Similarly, estimates of infill volume calculated on the basis of geophysical outcomes and elevation data differ by up to 13%. Calculations of the landforms' current volumes (i.e. total surface and subsurface volume), however, are fairly insensitive to raster resolution. Hence, the distinct geomorphologic properties of landforms (e.g. shape, terrain roughness, slope inclination) substantially determine the geomorphometric analysis of both surface and subsurface data. As shown by the findings, data fusion to integrate digital terrain, geophysical and sedimentological datasets of varied resolutions benefits geomorphologic studies and helps provide a comprehensive image of landforms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrating airborne and multi‐temporal long‐range terrestrial laser scanning with total station measurements for mapping and monitoring a compound slow moving rock slide

A slow moving compound rock slide located in the northern Apennines of Italy was mapped and monitored through the integration of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), multi‐temporal long‐range Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), and Automated Total Station (ATS) measurements. Landslide features were mapped using a High Resolution Digital Terrain Model (HR‐DTM) obtained by merging ALS and TLS data in an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) procedure. Slope movements in the order of centimeters to a few decimeters were quantified with Differential TLS (D‐TLS) based on a Surface Matching approach and supported by ATS data to define stable reference surfaces. The integrated approach allowed mapping of the composite geomorphic features of the rock slide under examination, revealing its complex dynamic nature and further proving that laser scanning is a versatile and widely applicable tool for slope process analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3维激光扫描技术在石窟保护中的应用研究

高精度3维激光扫描技术的出现,为建立一套覆盖完整、细节清晰、视觉效果突出、数据真实准确的数字石窟提供了可能。云冈石窟3维数字化工作就是将3维激光扫描技术应用到石窟的制作,利用激光测距原理,以最精细、最合理的技术手段记录石窟的密集点的3维坐标、反射率和纹理等信息,完整保留全面、准确、细致的3维数据,进而复建出石窟的3维模型及线、面、体等各种数据,将云冈石窟清晰地展现出来。     

Updating digital elevation models via change detection and fusion of human and remote sensor data in urban environments

OpenStreetMap (OSM) currently represents the most popular project of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI): geodata are collected by common people and made available for public use. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) enables the acquisition of high-resolution digital elevation models that are used for many applications. This study combines the advantages of both ALS and OSM, offering a promising new approach that enhances data quality and allows change detection: the mainly up-to-date 2D data of OSM can be combined with the high-resolution – but rarely updated – elevation information provided by ALS. This case study investigates building objects of OSM and ALS data of the city of Bregenz, Austria. Data quality of OSM is discerned by the comparison of building footprints using different true positive definitions (e.g. overlapping area). High quality of OSM data is revealed, yet also limitations of each method with respect to heterogeneous regions and building outlines are identified. For the first time, an up-to-date Digital Surface Model (DSM) combining 2D OSM and ALS data is achieved. A multitude of applications such as flood simulations and solar potential assessments can directly benefit from this data combination, since their value and reliability strongly depend on an up-to-date DSM.     

Stochastic gradient boosting classification trees for forest fuel types mapping through airborne laser scanning and IRS LISS-III imagery

This paper presents an application of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data in conjunction with an IRS LISS-III image for mapping forest fuel types. For two study areas of 165 km² and 487 km² in Sicily (Italy), 16,761 plots of size 30-m × 30-m were distributed using a tessellation-based stratified sampling scheme. ALS metrics and spectral signatures from IRS extracted for each plot were used as predictors to classify forest fuel types observed and identified by photointerpretation and fieldwork. Following use of traditional parametric methods that produced unsatisfactory results, three non-parametric classification approaches were tested: (i) classification and regression tree (CART), (ii) the CART bagging method called Random Forests, and (iii) the CART bagging/boosting stochastic gradient boosting (SGB) approach. This contribution summarizes previous experiences using ALS data for estimating forest variables useful for fire management in general and for fuel type mapping, in particular. It summarizes characteristics of classification and regression trees, presents the pre-processing operation, the classification algorithms, and the achieved results. The results demonstrated superiority of the SGB method with overall accuracy of 84%. The most relevant ALS metric was canopy cover, defined as the percent of non-ground returns. Other relevant metrics included the spectral information from IRS and several other ALS metrics such as percentiles of the height distribution, the mean height of all returns, and the number of returns.     

Change detection in urban areas by object-based analysis and on-the-fly comparison of multi-view ALS data

The use of helicopters as a sensor platform offers flexible fields of application due to adaptable flying speed at low flight levels. Modern helicopters are equipped with radar altimeters, inertial navigation systems (INS), forward-looking cameras and even laser scanners for automatic obstacle avoidance. If the 3D geometry of the terrain is already available, the analysis of airborne laser scanner (ALS) measurements may also be used for terrain-referenced navigation and change detection. In this paper, we present a framework for on-the-fly comparison of current ALS data to given reference data of an urban area. In contrast to classical difference methods, our approach extends the concept of occupancy grids known from robot mapping. However, it does not blur the measured information onto the grid cells. The proposed change detection method applies the Dempster–Shafer theory to identify conflicting evidence along the laser pulse propagation path. Additional attributes are considered to decide whether detected changes are of man-made origin or occurring due to seasonal effects. The concept of online change detection has been successfully validated in offline experiments with recorded ALS data streams. Results are shown for an urban test site at which multi-view ALS data were acquired at an interval of 1 year.