Immiscible two-liquid regions in the Fe-O-S system at high pressure: Implications for planetary cores

We have determined phase relations in the Fe-O and Fe-O-S systems in the range of 15-21 GPa and 1825-2300 °C. Below the liquidus temperatures, solid FeO and metallic liquids are observed in both the Fe-O and the Fe-O-S systems. An immiscible two-liquid region exists in the Fe-O binary system in the pressure range investigated, and the immiscibility gap between Fe-rich metallic liquid and FeO-rich ionic liquid does not greatly change with either pressure or temperature. On the other hand, an immiscible two-liquid region in the Fe-O-S ternary system narrows significantly with increasing pressure at constant temperature and vice versa, and it almost disappears at 21 GPa, and 2300 °C. Immiscible two-liquid regions are thus not expected to exist in the Fe-O-S system in the Earth's core, suggesting that both oxygen and sulfur can be incorporated into the core. Our results are consistent with a geochemical model for the core containing 5.8 wt.% oxygen and 1.9 wt.% sulfur as proposed by McDonough and Sun [McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.-S., 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120, 223-253].     

硅酸盐-盐（硫酸盐）流体不混溶：蒙古南部Mushugai-Khuduk含火成碳酸岩杂岩体矿物中的熔体包裹体研究

Crystalline and melt inclusions were studied in garnet,diopside,potassium feldspar,and sphene from the garnet syenite porphyry of the carbonatite-bearing complex Mushugai-Khuduk,southern Mongolia.Phlogopite,clinopyroxene,albite,potassium feldspar,spheric,wollastonite,magnetite,Ca and Sr sulfates,fluorite,and apatite were identified among the crystalline inclusions. The melt inclusions were homogenized at 1010～1080℃and analyzed on an electron microprobe.Silicate,salt,and combined silicate- salt melt inclusions were found.Silicate melts show considerable variations in SiO_2 concentration(56 to 66wt% ),high Na_2O K_2O (up to 17wt% ),and elevated Zr,F,and C1 contents.In terms of bulk rock chemistry,the silicate melts are alkali syenites.During thermometric experiments,salt melt inclusions quenched into homogeneous glasses of predominantly sulfate compositions containing no more than 1.3wt% SiO_2.These melts are enriched in alkalis,Ba,Sr,P,F,and C1.The investigation of the silicate and salt melt inclusions in minerals of the garnet syenite porphyries indicate that these rocks were formed under influence of the processes of crystallization differentiation and magma separation into immiscible silicate and salt(sulfate)liquids.     

岩石破裂过程中电阻率变化机理的探讨

受压岩石在破裂过程中,视电阻率会出现明显的变化,其异常形态与实验条件有很大的关系. 实验中对磁铁石英岩样品施加了单轴压缩,岩石的破裂经反复加载和卸载实现,并在岩样的裂隙中注入了食盐溶液. 在实验的各阶段,对样品的主剖面重建出一系列内部真电阻率分布的图像,揭示了介质内的微细结构,从而探讨了视电阻率变化的原因. 实验发现,岩石中裂隙的存在及所含液体的饱和状态,是岩石在主破裂前控制电阻率变化的两个最重要的因素;低应力状态属常态导电过程,孔隙度的变化是主要因素;高应力状态属裂隙表面导电机制,随着破裂面在岩体内部出现,水和孔隙有了完全贯通的平面,多种导电机制都得以发挥作用. 此外,体导电结构的变化在宏观上表现为各向异性和图样有序性的增强.     

由X射线衍射获得的液体径向分布函数

主要介绍单原子液体、同核分子液体、杂核分子液体和水溶液电子径向分布函数、原子径向分布函数和分子径向分布函数的定义 ,简明阐述了气体、液体和晶体 ,尤其是二维晶体的径向分布函数的物理意义和几何意义。     

Unusual rocks and mineralisation in a new carbonatite complex at Kandaguba, Kola Peninsula, Russia

The paper presents the results from a reconnaissance investigation of carbonatites in a newly discovered alkaline complex in the Kola peninsula, Russia. The Kandaguba complex differs from other carbonatite plutons of the Kola alkaline province by (a) the absence of ultrabasic rocks, (b) widespread occurrence of nepheline-, cancrinite- and nepheline–cancrinite syenites and carbonatites and (c) presence of apatite–calcite ijolites and feldspar ijolites as separate intrusive phase. The Kandaguba carbonatites are notable for the predominance of late ferromagnesian varieties together with quartz and numerous accessory mineral species. The association of phosphates (monazite, gorseixite, goyazite, apatite), sulphides and tellurides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena, hessite), ilmenorutile, barite with quartz and ankerite is a remarkable feature of these carbonatites. The Kandaguba carbonatites are inferred to have been generated as the products of liquid immiscibility followed by differentiation of the carbonatite melt.     

山西大同新生代火山岩熔融相平衡的实验研究

通过低压熔融相平衡实验，研究山西大同火山群玄武岩在结晶分离作用过程中液相成分的演化规律，探讨了矿物和溶浆之间元素的分配。在１００ｋＰａ，ｆｏ２＝ＮＮＯ，Ｔ＝１１００°～１３００℃条件下，矿物结晶顺序为Ｏ１→Ｐ１→Ｃｐｘ。橄榄石为液相线矿物。橄榄石－熔体Ｆｅ２－－Ｍｇ２－交换反应的分配系数是一个与温度无关的常数、残余液相线成分取决于晶出矿物相的化学成分及含量。Ｏ１＋ＣｐＸ＋Ｐ１饱和液相成分的Ｏ１－Ｄｉ－Ｓｉｌ和Ｏ１－Ｄｉ－Ｎｅ三元系相图清楚地反映了熔岩低压结晶作用的趋势，低压下熔浆的主要元素变化很大程度上依赖于母岩浆ＳｉＯ２饱和程度。     

Thermochemistry of sulfide liquids IV: density measurements and the thermodynamics of O–S–Fe–Ni–Cu liquids at low to moderate pressures

We present the results of a series of density experiments in the system O–S–Fe–Ni–Cu. These experiments were designed to extend our understanding of the physical properties of sulfide liquids, and to extend one-bar thermochemical models for sulfide liquids to apply to low to moderate pressures. Density measurements indicate both positive and negative deviations from linear mixing of partial molar volumes across this five-dimensional composition space. In terms of the homogeneous speciation model of Kress (in Contrib Mineral Petrol 154:191–204, 2007), the best fit to experimental data can be achieved by starting with a model where the volume of formation reaction for associated species initially is set to zero. Further refinement of this first-order fit yields a volume mixing model which reproduces experimental data to within nearly the estimated experimental uncertainty. Experimental ultrasonic and X-ray absorption data from the literature, along with the bulk modulus–volume relation of Anderson and Nafe (J Geophys Res 16:3951–3963, 1965), allow the estimation of the pressure dependence of partial molar volumes for sulfide liquid species. The resulting combined thermochemical model should be valid to about 2,000 K and 3 GPa. Application of this thermochemical model in a simple adiabatic magma ascent scenario confirms earlier work suggesting that the pressure dependence of sulfur solubility in sulfide-saturated magma will decrease with increasing pressure along geologically reasonable paths in P–T–– space.     

Comparison of laminar model,RANS, LES and VLES for simulation of liquid sloshing

Liquid sloshing in storage tank is a fundamental problem of great engineering importance. Sloshing motion can be laminar or turbulent. However, the necessity for inclusion of turbulence in CFD simulation of sloshing flows has not yet been established. In this paper, three roll–induced sloshing cases are studied to assess the merits and shortcomings of the laminar model and three most–commonly used turbulence models (RANS k–ε, LES and Very LES). To overcome the deficiencies in the RANS and LES, the new Very LES (VLES) model, which combines the RANS k–ε and LES, is developed in this paper. The free surface profiles are reconstructed by a coupled Level–Set and Volume–of–Fluid (CLSVOF) method. To the authors’ knowledge, the comprehensive and systematical assessment of the effect of turbulence on sloshing simulation has not been reported in the literature. The numerical results are evaluated using experimental measurements from Delorme and Souto−Iglesias. The present study indicates that the inclusion of an appropriate turbulence model has a profound influence on the simulations of violent and non–violent sloshing flows. The VLES and LES models can provide accurate predictions of free surface profiles and impact pressures, whereas the laminar flow assumption and the RANS model cannot adequately capture the energy dissipation in the sloshing simulation and lead to the inaccurate flow predictions.     

四川盆地海相三叠系液态钾盐──富钾含钾气田卤水及其类型和意义

四川盆地海相三叠系富钾含钾气田卤水分布广、品质优、资源富。气田卤水除普遍富合K+组分,构成液态钾盐资源外,Br-、I-、B3+、Li+、Sr2+等有用组分也超过或达到工业品位,为优质化工原料水。富钾含钾气田卤水有沉积变质型和钾盐溶滤叠加型两类。卤水具重要的资源意义和固液态钾盐找矿的指示意义。     

On the dynamical effects of an inhomogeneous liquid core in the theory of nutation

As shown in previous work, dynamical effects of a realistic model of a heterogeneous, compressible, stably stratified liquid core may be obtained by means of a simple analysis of the generalized two-dimensional Laplace tidal equation which describes tidal flows of an incompressible and non-gravitating fluid in a thin spherical layer with mobile boundaries. The solution was presented in the form of expansions in powers of a small parameter κ being the ratio of nutational motion frequency in space to the frequency of the Earth's diurnal rotation. Whereas in an earlier paper only first-order terms were taken into account, our present approach includes not only main second-order terms in the spherical harmonic expansions of the solutions, but also the terms of higher orders. These effects are calculated numerically for realistic models of the Earth's outer liquid core, solid inner core and anelastic mantle (PREM model). All tables are found in electronic version at http://www.tu-darmstadt.de/fb/vw/ipg/Welcome2.html Received: 12 June 1997 / Accepted: 11 December 1997