循环伏安法测定硼氢根离子

主要用圆盘Au电极的电化学循环伏安法定量分析强碱性溶液中BH4-的浓度。实验采用三电极体系,工作电极为Au电极,参考电极为Hg/HgO电极,分别用铂、石墨作辅助电极,测定了在碱性体系中,不同浓度NaBH4溶液的循环伏安图,得到相应浓度下峰值电流值,并讨论了在同一浓度下扫描速度对BH4-氧化电流的影响。实验还测量了以镍电极、铂电极为工作电极时溶液的循环伏安图,并与Au电极结果做了对比。结果表明,BH4-在Au电极上活性最高,Au电极做工作电极的三电极体系测量BH4-离子浓度是一种简单、快速的方法,在测定范围内(10-4～10-2mol/L)线性关系良好。     

New advances in three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic inversion

New techniques for improving both the computational and imaging performance of the three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic inverse problem are presented. A non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm is the framework of the inversion scheme. Full wave equation modelling for controlled sources is utilized for data simulation along with an efficient gradient computation approach for the model update. Improving the modelling efficiency of the 3-D finite difference (FD) method involves the separation of the potentially large modelling mesh, defining the set of model parameters, from the computational FD meshes used for field simulation. Grid spacings and thus overall grid sizes can be reduced and optimized according to source frequencies and source–receiver offsets of a given input data set. Further computational efficiency is obtained by combining different levels of parallelization. While the parallel scheme allows for an arbitrarily large number of parallel tasks, the relative amount of message passing is kept constant. Image enhancement is achieved by model parameter transformation functions, which enforce bounded conductivity parameters and thus prevent parameter overshoots. Further, a remedy for treating distorted data within the inversion process is presented. Data distortions simulated here include positioning errors and a highly conductive overburden, hiding the desired target signal. The methods are demonstrated using both synthetic and field data.     

Review of the use of Péclet numbers to determine the relative importance of advection and diffusion in low permeability environments

In low permeability environments, transport by advection is often neglected based on a Péclet number criterion. Such a criterion usually states that if the Péclet number (Pe) is much smaller than 1, diffusion dominates over advection and transport may be modeled considering diffusion only. Unfortunately, up to 10 different Péclet number definitions exist and for a particular case these different definitions lead to very diverse Péclet number values, differing several orders of magnitude from each other. In this paper, the different Péclet number definitions are therefore evaluated on their ability to determine the relative importance of transport by advection and by diffusion in low permeability environments. This is done by comparing the results of the analytical solution for pure diffusion with the analytical solution for diffusion, advection and dispersion for a large number of different input parameter values. The relation between the different Péclet numbers and the difference between the calculated concentration considering diffusion only and the calculated concentration considering both diffusion and advection is studied. These calculations show that some Péclet number definitions are not well suited to decide whether advection may be neglected in low permeability media.

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Resumen Frecuentemente se descuida el transporte por avección en ambientes de baja permeabilidad sobre la base del criterio del número de Péclet. Dicho criterio usualmente sostiene que si el número de Péclet (Pe) es mucho menor a 1, la difusión domina sobre la avección y es posible modelar el transporte considerando la difusión únicamente. Desafortunadamente existen 10 definiciones diferentes del número de Péclet y para un caso en particular estas diferentes definiciones conducen a valores de número de Péclet muy diversos los cuales difieren entre sí en varias magnitudes. Por lo tanto, en este artículo se evalúan las diferentes definiciones en base a su habilidad para determinar la importancia relativa del transporte por avección y difusión en ambientes de baja permeabilidad. Esto se lleva a cabo mediante la comparación de los resultados de la solución analítica para difusión pura con los de la solución analítica por difusión, avección y dispersión para un número amplio de diferentes valores como parámetro. Se ha estudiado la relación entre los diferentes números de Péclet y las diferencias entre la concentración calculada considerando difusión únicamente y considerando tanto difusión como avección. Estos cálculos muestran que algunas de las definiciones de los números de Péclet no son muy apropiadas par decidir si se puede descuidar la avección en medios de baja permeabilidad.

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Résumé Dans les milieux à faible perméabilité, le transport par advection est souvent négligeable lorsquon se base sur le critère du nombre de Péclet. Un tel critère suggère habituellement que pour un nombre de Péclet beaucoup plus petit que 1, la diffusion domine sur ladvection et que le transport peut être modélisé par diffusion seulement. Malheureusement, il existe jusquà environ dix définitions du nombre de Péclet et pour un cas spécifique, ces différentes définitions mènent à des valeurs du nombre de Péclet très différentes, et qui varient entre elles de plusieurs ordres de grandeur. Dans cet article, les différentes définitions du nombre de Péclet sont évaluées en fonction de leur habileté à déterminer limportance relative du transport par advection et par diffusion dans les milieux à faible perméabilité. Ceci est fait en comparant les résultats de la solution analytique pour la diffusion pure à la solution analytique pour la diffusion, ladvection et la dispersion, et ce, pour un grand nombre de valeurs différentes comme paramètre dentrée. La relation entre les différents nombres de Péclet et la différence entre la concentration calculée en considérant la diffusion seulement et la concentration calculée considérant simultanément la diffusion et ladvection est étudiée. Ces calculs prouvent que certaines définitions de nombre de Péclet ne sont pas appropriées afin de décider si ladvection peut être négligée dans les milieux à faible perméabilité.

     

Weaknesses in the ethical framework of aquaculture related standards

This paper presents some results from a critical review of how well aquaculture standards fulfil their intentions to promote sustainable aquaculture. The focus was on revealing possible weaknesses in the ethical frameworks of the investigated documents, particularly with regard to less powerful stakeholders in aquaculture production and trade. The review revealed a bias across the standards in the sense that they devote most attention to an instrumental approach to environmental health, at the expense of social sustainability considerations. This indicated an asymmetry in the sense of more concern for the interests of the relatively affluent European seafood consumers than the interests of the poorer Asian aquaculture producers and their livelihood conditions. Two moves needed in the aquaculture standard industry are advised. One is to practically enhance the involvement and power of the weaker groups. The other is to secure pragmatically and politically feasible implementations of ideal theoretical ambitions.     

Stress distribution near lake Jocassee,South Carolina

Seven months of seismic monitoring near Jocassee reservoir (impounded 1974) resulted in the detection of four clusters of earthquake activity. Composite fault plane solutions (CFPS) for each cluster indicate strike slip faulting for shallow earthquakes (<1.0 km) on the shores of the reservoir and normal faulting for deeper events (1–3 km) in the middle of the reservoir. The directions of the axes of maximum and minimum compression inferred from the CFPS were found to be NW and NE respectively and contrast with the NE and NW directions obtained by hydrofracture in a shallow well (230 m) at Bad Creek, about 10 km from the epicentral region.     

A resampling approach to test stress-field uniformity from fault data

Several methods have been proposed to constrain the stress field from fault plane orientations and slip directions within a crustal volume characterized by brittle deformation. All the methods are based on the assumption that the stress field is uniform in the volume considered. If this hypothesis is not checked in advance, however, the methodology may lead to misleading conclusions. In this work, a procedure is defined to check stress-field uniformity by a statistical analysis of the available fault data. Since, in most cases, the statistical features of the uncertainties that affect such data are not well known, a distribution-free approach is proposed. It is based on a simple search algorithm, devoted to selecting stress configurations compatible with available data, combined with a bootstrap resampling approach. The test results are more conservative than the ones so far proposed in the literature. When the test allows stress heterogeneities to be safely excluded, approximate confidence intervals for the principal stress directions can be obtained; otherwise, the level of stress heterogeneity present in the volume under study can be assessed. An application of the proposed procedure to a sample of fault data deduced from seismological data is presented.     

Fully Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction Model Based on Distributed Lagrange Multiplier/Fictitious Domain Method

This paper,with a finite element method,studies the interaction of a coupled incompressible fluid-rigid structure system with a free surface subjected to external wave excitations.With this fully coupled model,the rigid structure is taken as "fictitious" fluid with zero strain rate.Both fluid and structure are described by velocity and pressure.The whole domain,including fluid region and structure region,is modeled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations which are discretized with fixed Eulerian mesh.However,to keep the structure's rigid body shape and behavior,a rigid body constraint is enforced on the "fictitious" fluid domain by use of the Distributed Lagrange Multiplier/Fictitious Domain(DLM/FD) method which is originally introduced to solve particulate flow problems by Glowinski et al.For the verification of the model presented herein,a 2D numerical wave tank is established to simulate small amplitude wave propagations,and then numerical results are compared with analytical solutions.Finally,a 2D example of fluid-structure interaction under wave dynamic forces provides convincing evidences for the method excellent solution quality and fidelity.     

2011年7月威海地震序列的地震构造背景及烈度调查

通过开展野外调查、震源深度校核、震源机制解反演等多项工作,综合研究了2011年7月威海地震序列.利用P波初动方法反演震群震源机制解,结果表明本次震群的破裂方式均为走滑型,节面Ⅰ(走向北东向)是最可能的破裂面.结合已有的研究成果,初步推断震群的发生受北东向断裂的控制.通过识别地震波形的Pn震相和sPn震相,计算得到地震震源深度,推测本次地震发生在上地壳.由于震源深度较浅,地震烈度调查工作表明震中最大烈度能达到Ⅴ度.     

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