Some characteristics of typhoons as revealed by the recent SSM/I microwave radiometry

Tropical cyclones are notorious for their destruction. Because they occur mostly over oceans their structures are revealed only through aerial reconnaissance, radar or through satellites. The recently launched DMSP satellite (F8) has provided polarized microwave Brightness Temperatures, TB's. Using certain algorithms, rainrates and wind speeds were derived for a few typhoons.The 85 GHz TB's available at nearly 15 km intervals, disclosed that low values such as 230 K are registered within 2° of the advancing side of the center. These low TB's moved centerward as the typhoon developed further. They propagated rearwards as the storm weakened.Convective rainrates, defined as those equalling or exceeding 3 mm h^–1, within the core, seem to set trends for the intensification. On the other hand convective rain outside the core had a negative effect on the storm. Similarly convective rainrates within the core of developing storms were significantly different from those of the weakening typhoons while the corresponding stratiform rainrates were not markedly different between intensifying and deintensifying ones. Some typhoons developed strong winds exceeding 30 m s^–1 even as far from the center as 440 km. The derived speeds decreased in accuracy in rain situations.These preliminary results are to be interpreted with caution in view of the recency of the algorithms and the smallness of the sample. However, the hazards scientist would find the SSM/I data to be valuable in forewarning the public and in using these data for purposes such as surge forecasting.     

Coincidence of cadmium and antibiotic resistance in New York Bight apex benthic microorganisms

Microorganisms resistant to 1–500 ppm cadmium were isolated over an 11 month period from sediments at the sewage sludge, dredge spoils and industrial acid waste disposal sites, as well as at an estuarine outflow to the New York Bight apex. Tests for antibiotic resistance in these isolates revealed that 94% of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and that 91% of the original isolates could be characterized by multiple drug resistance. Different selective pressures may account for the various genera and antimicrobial resistance patterns observed. The possibility of extrachromosomal linkage of cadmium and streptomycin resistance is discussed.     

GPFS文件系统原理和模式IO优化方法

GPFS(通用并行文件系统)普遍应用于IBM大规模集群系统中,能够为并行应用程序提供高性能的I/O存取访问。该文介绍了GPFS的原理和工作机制,并以安装在国家气象信息中心的IBM高性能计算机系统为试验平台,初步测试了在实际环境中GPFS的应用情况,在应用程序中对文件访问进行性能优化的方式有2种:①由主任务负责全部文件访问,②通过MPI-IO在GPFS中实现并行文件访问。测试结果表明,GPFS可以提供很好的文件访问支持,但要想获得较高的性能,需要在应用程序中进行深入调试。     

廊坊公路交通空间数据库设计与生成

在交通系统的开发和应用中,电子地图占有举足轻重的地位;而交通地理数据库的设计与创建则是研究开发智能数字交通的决定性因素,是GIS应用开发的基础。本文以廊坊道路及交通设施的管理为背景,详细介绍了基于Geodatabase及统一建模语言UML进行交通地理数据库的设计思路,并且生成了廊坊公路交通空间数据库。     

Fracture Toughness Measurements and Acoustic Emission Activity in Brittle Rocks

Fracture toughness measurements under static loading conditions have been carried out in Barre and Lac du Bonnet granites. An advanced AE technique has been adopted to monitor real-time crack initiation and propagation around the principal crack in these tests to understand the processes of brittle failure under tension and related characteristics of the resulting fracture process zone. The anisotropy of Mode I fracture toughness has been investigated along specific directions. Microcrack density and orientation analysis from thin section studies have shown these characteristics to be the primary cause of the observed variation in fracture toughness, which is seen to vary between 1.14 MPa.(m)^1/2 and 1.89 MPa.(m)^1/2 in Barre granite. The latter value represents the case in which the crack is propagated at right angles to the main set of microcracks. The creation of a significant fracture process zone surrounding the propagating main crack has been confirmed. Real-time imaging of the fracture process and formation of fracture process zone by AE techniques yielded results in very good agreement with those obtained by direct optical analysis.     

基于地学G~4I系统的元数据分类方法

以实现空间数据的标准化为前提,对空间数据库中元数据管理系统的作用和分类原则进行了探讨,指出了传统的分类方法对于以矿产资源预测为目标的地学系统而言存在着弊端。需要结合矿产资源预测的特点,对空间数据库建设中元数据的分类原则进行补充,提出了面向客户应用即按矿产资源预测目标进行分类,实现对空间数据查询的高效利用。该方法可以在地学G4I系统中得以实施和应用。     

从珠江口盆地两口井看伊-蒙混层粘土I/S值加大的时温控制

在渐进成岩过程中,伊蒙混层粘土的伊利石层和蒙皂石层的含量之比（Ｉ／Ｓ）常随埋深增加而呈幕式加大,但该比值达到４∶１后就变得相对稳定了,直到大约３５０℃,残留的少量蒙皂石层才最后消失［１］。业已证实,自然界中这类粘土的伊利石层（和蒙皂石层）多处在准稳...     

The parent of the Quadrantid meteoroid stream

The Quadrantid meteor shower is one of the major showers that produces reliable displays every January. However, it is unique amongst the major showers in still not having its parent uniquely identified. One of the reasons for this may be because the stream, and presumably the parent, lies in a region of the Solar system where near-resonant motion with Jupiter, coupled with potential close encounters, is possible. Such a combination can lead to a rapid dynamical evolution of an orbit. In particular, it may be possible that the orbit of the parent both satisfies the condition for a close encounter and is in resonant motion, while most of the meteoroids cannot satisfy both conditions. This results in the parent evolving away from the bulk of the stream.
To date, two suggestions have been made regarding possible parents for the Quadrantid stream, these being Comet 1491 I and Comet 96P/Machholz. The argument in favour of the first named being the parent is because of the general similarity between the orbits around 1491. The argument for comet 96P/Machholz being the parent is based on the similarity in orbital evolution coupled with a similarity in orbits phase-shifted by 2000 yr. In this paper we suggest that on both counts asteroid 5496 (1973 NA) is more similar to the Quadrantids, and that even if 5496 is not the actual parent in the strict sense that meteoroids are currently being ejected, it is either likely to be a fragment of the parent or the dormant remains of the parent.     

漳州地区白垩至纪I型和A型花岗岩中黑云母的矿物学特征

漳州地区白垩纪花岗岩由Ｉ型和Ａ型花岗岩组成，本文对该地区两类花岗岩中黑云母的矿物化学、矿物物理特征进行了系统研究。发现在两类花岗岩中的黑云母矿物学特征存在重大差别，如Ａ型花岗岩中黑云母更富铝、铁、氟及水而贫镁、硅，形成温度及氧逸度较低等。在Ａ型花岗岩中的黑云母穆斯堡尔谱也与Ｉ型不同，四极分裂（Ｑ．Ｓ）较高，且Ｆｅ￣（２＋）在Ｍ＿２位，Ｆｅ（３＋）在Ｔ位占位率也较高。两类花岗岩中的黑云母化学成分随岩浆演化也呈现不同的变化规律。黑云母的矿物学特征可提供花岗岩成因类型的有益信息。     

Artificial neural network approach for estimation of surface specific humidity and air temperature using multifrequency scanning microwave radiometer

Microwave sensor MSMR (Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer) data onboard Oceansat-1 was used for retrieval of monthly averages of near surface specific humidity (Q _a) and air temperature (T _a) by means of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The MSMR measures the microwave radiances in 8 channels at frequencies of 6.6, 10.7, 18 and 21 GHz for both vertical and horizontal polarizations. The artificial neural networks (ANN) technique is employed to find the transfer function relating the input MSMR observed brightness temperatures and output (Q _a andT _a) parameters. Input data consist of nearly 28 months (June 1999 – September 2001) of monthly averages of MSMR observed brightness temperature and surface marine observations ofQ _a andT _a from Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). The performance of the algorithm is assessed with independent surface marine observations. The results indicate that the combination of MSMR observed brightness temperatures as input parameters provides reasonable estimates of monthly averaged surface parameters. The global root mean square (rms) differences are 1.0‡C and 1.1 g kg⁻¹ for air temperature and surface specific humidity respectively.