Estimation of areal specific yield in sands using the central limit theorem

A new approach is demonstrated that permits a reliable estimate of specific yield using published values of the van Genuchten water retention parameters and effective grain sizes and the measured effective grain sizes of soil samples. The specific yield distribution of the soil texture was computed using the published values of the van Genuchten parameters. The specific yield values and the published values of effective grain sizes were then used to construct a specific yield–effective grain size curve, which estimates the ‘point’ specific yield of the soil samples. Applying the central limit theorem, the point specific yields could be transformed into an ‘areal’ specific yield for a study area. Compared with other commonly used approaches, the present procedure requires relatively low computational efforts and readily obtainable data. It is cost effective and does not depend on soil texture classification. More importantly, it incorporates the depth to water table and the variations in grain sizes inherent in natural soil conditions in the estimation. The approach developed was applied for estimating the specific yield of an unconfined sandy aquifer created by land reclamation in the equatorial region. The values obtained were compared with field measurements and the typical ranges of specific yield from the literature. Instead of a single estimate of the specific yield, the method yields a confidence interval with a high confidence level of 95% and with a narrower range than the typical ranges from the literature. In addition, the estimated values are close to the field measurements; hence, the procedure provides a cost‐effective alternative to field measurement. The applicability of the present approach could be extended to sites with heterogeneity in the horizontal direction. Nevertheless, the applicability of the present approach for layered soil profiles requires further evaluations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear dynamical analysis for displaced orbits above a planet

Nonlinear dynamical analysis and the control problem for a displaced orbit above a planet are discussed. It is indicated that there are two equilibria for the system, one hyperbolic (saddle) and one elliptic (center), except for the degenerate h _z ^max, a saddle-node bifurcation point. Motions near the equilibria for the nonresonance case are investigated by means of the Birkhoff normal form and dynamical system techniques. The Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) torus filled with quasiperiodic trajectories is measured in the τ ₁ and τ ₂ directions, and a rough algorithm for calculating τ ₁ and τ ₂ is proposed. A general iterative algorithm to generate periodic Lyapunov orbits is also presented. Transitions in the neck region are demonstrated, respectively, in the nonresonance, resonance, and degradation cases. One of the important contributions of the paper is to derive necessary and sufficiency conditions for stability of the motion near the equilibria. Another contribution is to demonstrate numerically that the critical KAM torus of nontransition is filled with the (1,1)-homoclinic orbits of the Lyapunov orbit.     

基于下限定理的路面结构安定分析

传统的以弹性理论和经验方法为基础的路面结构设计方法,对路面结构的安全性评价存在着不合理性。安定理论可为复杂荷载作用下的路面结构承载力分析提供理论依据,基于该定理发展了一种应用于路面结构的安定分析方法,并应用于2层路面结构的安定分析,计算给出了荷载作用方式、路面结构形式、材料性质变化对路面安定极限影响的定量分析结果,通过对比表明了安定分析应用于路面结构的可行性。安定极限可为路面结构的分析与设计提供一定的参考价值。     

Magnetic field generation by the motion of a highly conducting fluid

Abstract

Using an asymptotic expansion of Green's function for the problem of magnetic field generation by 3D steady flow of highly conducting fluid a general antidynamo theorem is proved in the case of no exponential stretching of liquid particles. Explicit formulae connecting the spectrum of the magnetic modes with the geometry of the Lagrangian trajectories are obtained. The existence of the fast dynamo action for special flows with exponential stretching is proved under the condition of smoothness of the fields of stretching and non-stretching directions.     

Mesoscale Barotropic Instability of Vortex Rossby Waves in Tropical Cyclones

In this study, the barotropic stability of vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) in 2D inviscid tropical cyclone (TC)-like vortices is explored in the context of rotational dynamics on an f-plane. Two necessary instable conditions are discovered: (a) there must be at least one zero point of basic vorticity gradient in the radial scope; and (b) the relative propagation velocity of perturbations must be negative to the basic vorticity gradient, which reflects the restriction relationship of instable energy. The maximum ...     

多次透射公式的一种高频失稳机制

本文利用一维双曲型偏微分方程组初边值问题数值稳定性的GKS定理的物理解释和推广，分析了多次透射公式在数值实现中可能出现的一种高频失稳机制，即在多维离散网格，沿某一空间方向的外行简谐波，由于与其他空间方向节点运动的耦合效应可以使能量传播方向反向。文中通过数值试验对这一失稳机制作了初步验证。     

一种改进的客户端平衡的密钥交换算法研究

目前安全套接层协议在性能上存在不足,大量的加密解密操作消耗了太多的系统资源,对服务器的性能影响非常大。为此提出利用客户机协助安全套接层服务器进行RSA私钥解密的握手,以充分利用客户机等待服务器消息的空闲时间,提高服务器处理该连接的速度。为进一步提高安全套接层服务器的计算速度,采用中国余数定理对指数进行降幂。利用开源软件包实现改进的基于中国余数定理客户端平衡的握手实验,实验表明,在密钥长度为1024位的情况下,改进后算法的解密速度提高了8倍,在一定程度上改善了系统资源利用率。     

Hamilton's principle and the vorticity laws for a relativistic perfect fluid

Abstract

The equations for a relativistic perfect fluid result from the requirement that the total mass-energy be stationary with respect to variations δx^α(a, b, c, s) in the space-time location of the fluid particle identified by Lagrangian labels (a, b, c) at the point s on its world-line. By considering variations of the Lagrangian labels that leave the specific volume and entropy unchanged, we obtain a general covariant statement of vorticity conservation. The conservation laws for circulation, potential vorticity, and helicity are simple corollaries. This Noether-theorem derivation shows that the vorticity laws have no analogues in particle mechanics, where the corresponding particle labels cannot be continuously vaned.     

Scale dependent dynamic capillary pressure effect for two-phase flow in porous media

Causes and effects of non-uniqueness in capillary pressure and saturation (P^c–S) relationship in porous media are of considerable concern to researchers of two-phase flow. In particular, a significant amounts of discussion have been generated regarding a parameter termed as dynamic coefficient (τ) which has been proposed for inclusion in the functional dependence of P^c–S relationship to quantify dynamic P^c and its relation with time derivative of saturation. While the dependence of the coefficient on fluid and porous media properties is less controversial, its relation to domain scale appears to be dependent on artefacts of experiments, mathematical models and the intra-domain averaging techniques. In an attempt to establish the reality of the scale dependency of the τ–S relationships, we carry out a series of well-defined laboratory experiments to determine τ–S relationships using three different sizes of cylindrical porous domains of silica sand. In this paper, we present our findings on the scale dependence of τ and its relation to high viscosity ratio (μ_r) silicone oil–water system, where μ_r is defined as the viscosity of non-wetting phase over that of the wetting phase. An order of magnitude increase in the value of τ was observed across various μ_r and domain scales. Also, an order of magnitude increase in τ is observed when τ at the top and the bottom sections in a domain are compared. Viscosity ratio and domain scales are found to have similar effects on the trend in τ–S relationship. We carry out a dimensional analysis of τ which shows how different variables, e.g., dimensionless τ and dimensionless domain volume (scale), may be correlated and provides a means to determine the influences of relevant variables on τ. A scaling relationship for τ was derived from the dimensionless analysis which was then validated against independent literature data. This showed that the τ–S relationships obtained from the literature and the scaling relationship match reasonably well.     

影响衍射层析成像质量的目标空间谱重建

衍射层析成像可划分为两步,即由散射数据确定目标空间谱,再由目标空间谱重建目标特性。本文通过计算机模拟讨论由Fourier 衍射定理所重建的目标空间谱,及其对成像的影响。