基于高斯波束的2.5维数值模拟

由于具有计算速度快的优点,射线追踪方法在地震勘探中一直起着非常重要的作用。V.Cerveny在上世纪80年代初提出了高斯波束方法,该方法同时考虑了波的动力学和运动学特征,并且无需两点试射追踪,因而运算速度快且精度高;另外高斯波束对异常区波场有较好的效果,比如焦散点、阴影区、临界和超临界反射。研究的主要内容是2.5维简单结构模型的高斯波束法。利用2.5维模型进行数值计算相当于在二维空间内计算三维问题,可以节约很大一部分计算。     

The physics of E × B-drifting jets

E × B-drifting jets have been generally ignored for the past 25 years even though they may well describe all the astrophysical jet sources, both on galactic and stellar scales. Here we present closed-form solutions for their joint field-and-particle distribution, argue that the observed jets are near equipartition, with extremely relativistic, monoenergetic e^±-pairs of bulk Lorentz factor γ ≲ 10⁴, and are first-order stable. We describe plausible mechanisms for the jets’ (i) formation, (ii) propagation, and (iii) termination. Wherever a beam meets with resistance, its frozen-in Poynting flux transforms the delta-shaped energy distribution of the pairs into an almost white power law,E ² N _E ∼E ^−∫ with ∫ ≳ 0, via single-step falls through the huge convected potential.     

Oxygen isotopic distribution along the otolith growth axis by secondary ion mass spectrometry: Applications for studying ontogenetic change in the depth inhabited by deep-sea fishes

This study using tuna otoliths as working standards established a high lateral resolution and precision analysis to measure δ¹⁸O_otolith by secondary ion mass spectrometry. This analytical approach of the ion probe was applied to deep-sea fishes to reconstruct the likely depths inhabited by the fishes at different life history stages based on the measured δ¹⁸O_otolith values as a proxy of water temperature. Dramatic increases up to 5–6‰ in δ¹⁸O_otolith, representing a temperature decrease of approximately 20 °C, were detected in a blind cusk eel (Barathronus maculatus) otolith and in the otoliths of Synaphobranchus kaupii during leptocephalus metamorphosis to glass eel, inferred from the drop of otolith Sr/Ca ratios and increase of otolith growth increment width. δ¹⁸O_otolith profiles clearly divided the fish's life history into a planktonic stage in the mixed layer of the ocean and a benthic stage on the deep-sea ocean bottom. The habitat shift signal was recorded within a 150 µm width of otolith growth zone, which was too narrow to be clearly detected by mechanical drilling and conventional isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. However, variations down to −7‰ were found in δ¹⁸O_otolith profiles as the result of Cs²⁺ beam sputter in the core and larval portions of the otoliths. Carbon mapping by electron probe microanalyzer and staining by toluidine blue suggested abundant proteins existed in the areas with anomaly negative δ¹⁸O_otolith values, which cannot be interpreted as a habitat change but due to the isotopic fractionation by O emission from the proteins. These results implied that careful design and understanding of the chemical composition of the analytical areas or tracks on the heterogeneous otolith was essential for highly accurate and precise analysis.     

Preconcentration of trace multi-elements in water samples using Dowex 50W-x8 and Chelex-100 resins prior to their determination using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)

This work presents a solid phase extraction (SPE) method for simultaneous preconcentration of trace elements in water samples prior to their ICP-OES determination. Dowex 50W-x8 and Chelex-100 resins were used as SPE sorbent materials for preconcentration of trace Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn. The optimum sample pH, eluent concentration and sample flow rates were found to 6, 3.0 mol L⁻¹ and 3.0 mL min⁻¹, respectively. In terms of multi-element preconcentration capabilities, Dowex 50W-x8 appeared to be a better sorbent. The recoveries for all the tested analytes were >95%. However, Chelex-100 showed a better performance in terms of recovery (>95%) towards Cu, Fe and Zn. Under optimized conditions using Dowex 50W-x8, the relative standard deviations for different metals were <3%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification ranged from 0.01–0.39 μg L⁻¹ and 0.05–0.1.3 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of the preconcentration method was confirmed by spike recovery test and the analysis of certified reference materials. The SPE method was applied for preconcentration of the analyte ions in tap water, bottled water and wastewater samples.     

Analysis of lateral loading of pile groups using embedded beam elements with interaction surface

The numerical simulation of soil-pile interaction problems, by means of full 3D finite element models, involves a large number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and difficulties during the mesh generation process. In order to reduce the unknowns and simplify and properly analyze such class of geotechnical problems, the so-called embedded beam elements (EBE) have recently been developed. In a preceding contribution of the authors, an improved EBE formulation, which brings into play the soil-pile interaction surface, was proposed with the aim to localize material plasticity in the soil surrounding the pile. This embedded beam model couples two different finite elements, each described by distinct kinematics (ie, solid and beam). The coupling is incorporated in the formulation by means of kinematical constrains established over the solid and beam displacement fields on the interaction surface. One of the main advantages of the embedded elements is that the addition of beams structural members immersed within the 3D soil model does not represent a constraint for the solid mesh, which can be adopted independently from the beam mesh. In this paper, the lateral loading of pile groups is studied by means of the proposed EBE approach with elasto-plastic interfaces. In order to represent a rigid cap, a master node and a special set of kinematical restrictions are incorporated into the formulation. The paper presents results obtained by means of the present formulation compared against other well-established analysis methods and test results published in the literature, for both elastic and elasto-plastic cases.     

土钉墙面层土压力的计算分析

在目前的土钉墙设计中,面层通常被当作构造处理而不参与计算,墙后的主动土压力全部由土钉承担。实际上,土钉墙面层承受一部分土（水）压力。文中把土钉墙面层看作是弹性地基上的有限长梁,基于试验,推导了成层地基上土钉墙面层在土钉拉力作用下的挠曲线、转角、弯矩和剪力方程,并与实测数据进行了比较分析,验证了模型的合理性,得到的解析解基本上可以反映土钉墙面层土压力的分布。在此基础上,探讨了不同土性土层中土钉墙面层土压力的分布。面层土压力在土层的分界面上,位移连续,土压力发生突变;软弱土层分布的面层土压力较硬土层为大;上软下硬型较上硬下软的土层分布更能使面层土压力得到充分发挥,同时计算了面层土压力换算成荷载与土钉拉力的比值,其值随着开挖深度的增加越来越大,面层对于土压力的作用随着深度的增加表现得愈加明显,并提出针对不同地区、不同深度和不同土性条件下应给出比值的建议值,以使土钉墙的设计更符合其真实的作用机制,得到的结论和上述比值的计算方法对于进一步研究土钉墙的作用机制及设计中如何充分发挥面层的作用等具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

Seismic interferometry and estimation of the Green's function using Gaussian beams

This study investigates seismic interferometry in which the Green's function is estimated between two receivers by cross-correlation and integration over sources.For smoothly varying source strengths,the dominant contributions of the correlation integral come from the stationary phase directions in the forward and backward directions from the alignment of the two receivers.Gaussian beams can be used to evaluate the correlation integral and concentrate the amplitudes in a vicinity of the stationary phase regions instead of completely relying on phase interference.Several numerical examples are shown to illustrate how this process works.The use of Gaussian beams for the evaluation of the correlation integral results in stable estimates,and also provides physical insight into the estimation of the Green's function based on seismic interferometry.     

圆形深基坑排桩框架支护结构算法

圆形深基坑工程在我国西南地区渐有出现,在其中的以砂卵石地层为主的地区深基坑支护结构型式多为排桩结合多道圈梁构成的排桩框架结构,但实践中一直没有合适的结构计算方法.针对工程实际的迫切需要,基于结构力学分析方法,提出了确定圆形深基坑排桩框架结构内力和变形的理论计算方法,即按多跨连续梁和弹性地基梁模型分段分析围护桩内力与变形,并考虑桩梁变形协调分析圈梁内力及变形,推导出了围护桩和圈梁的内力及变形理论计算公式.开展了模型试验研究,结果表明,桩顶侧向位移理论值与试验值分布规律整体上具有相似性,说明了理论计算方法具有一定的合理性.最后,给出了一具体实际工程的排桩和圈梁的内力及位移分析结果.     

Recovery of Plant Nutrients from Dilute Solutions of Human Urine and Preliminary Investigations on Pot Trials

Within the context of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN), human urine has been the subject of research and practice as a potential fertilizer in the recent years. Although quite a lot had been done with original undiluted urine with promising outcomes, not much appears in the literature which concentrates on dilute solutions of urine. This is important because unless waterless toilets are employed, urine will be diluted with flush water in actual use. In this work, dilute solutions of urine are investigated with emphasis on the recovery of plant nutrients. A natural zeolite namely clinoptilolite was loaded with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as an indirect route of processing urine. The results have revealed that hydrolysis is completed in shorter times in dilute samples. Clinoptilolite could successfully remove plant nutrients from all dilute solutions. Nitrogen could be recovered up to 86% with higher efficiencies at higher concentrations in general. Recovery of orthophosphates increases with increasing concentration to reach 96%, however, potassium could not be recovered. The preliminary experiments with grass have revealed that nutrient loaded clinoptilolite was as effective as chemical fertilizers while direct application of original and diluted solutions of urine had shown inferior yields.     

基于中性原子通量数据的磁暴期间环电流研究

本文通过分析两次大磁暴期间的中性原子(ENA)通量数据,试图揭示环电流离子通量的变化规律,进一步探讨环电流的形成和损失机制,以及磁暴和亚暴的关系.两次磁暴期间ENA通量的变化呈现出一些重要的特征:(1)通量随能量的增高而快速降低,磁暴主相期间高能端通量所占比重增大;(2)通量比例曲线的起伏远比通量曲线的起伏要平缓;(3)通量的起伏与AE指数之间没有简单的对应关系;(4)磁暴恢复相开始前,ENA通量出现短时间的猛烈增长,特别是低能端通量的增长异常迅速;(5)Dst/SYM-H指数快速恢复期间,ENA通量的变化表现为两个完全不同的阶段:先降低,后增大.忽略影响ENA通量的其他次要因素,ENA通量的上述特征直接反映了环电流的发展规律.环电流离子通量随能量的增高快速下降,磁暴主相期间可能由于高能O⁺的增加使得能谱有所变硬.离子主要受南向行星际磁场(IMF)所引起的对流电场的驱动注入到环电流区域,通量的变化大体上是无色散的.亚暴活动与环电流的增长没有直接的因果关系,但亚暴活动会引起环电流离子通量的短时间尺度波动.恢复相开始前,环电流离子在昏侧区域发生堆积,使得局部离子通量变大.这可能是由于屏蔽电场的形成削弱了内磁层对流电场,造成离子在磁层顶的逃逸损失过程减弱.在Dst/SYM-H指数的快速恢复期间,环电流离子通量的衰减速度也可能发生阶段性变化.这说明Dst/SYM-H指数并不能准确反映环电流的强度,环电流的衰减过程可能具有比先快后慢更为复杂的阶段性模式.