地球极区电离层对行星际激波的响应

本文就地球电离层对行星际激波的动力学响应进行三维全球数值模拟研究．背景行星际磁场为螺旋场,南北分量为零;初始电离层由Ⅰ区场向电流和相应的晨昏电场所主导;行星际激波沿日地连线方向撞击地球．模拟结果表明,在激波的作用下,电离层Ⅰ区电流系统向子夜方向运动,在向阳侧相继出现与原Ⅰ区电流反向的异常场向电流对和同向的新生Ⅰ区电流对．该异常场向电流对在极盖区形成瞬间昏晨电场,尾随原Ⅰ区电流向夜侧方向漂移直至湮没．与此同时,新生的Ⅰ区电流不断增强并向夜侧和赤道方向延伸,最终取代原Ⅰ区电流,相应极盖区又恢复到原来的晨昏电场状态．这一响应过程和行星际激波强度有关：激波强度越强,新生的Ⅰ区场向电流也越强,它向赤道方向延伸的距离也越大,能到达的纬度也越低．上述结果在趋势上与观测到的输运对流涡旋和亚极光块的运动特征一致．     

行星际-赤道电场穿透效率的数值模拟研究

电场穿透作为强烈地磁活动期间太阳风-磁层-电离层电动力学耦合的重要形式,近年来一直是空间物理学最为活跃的课题之一.在过去的近40年里人们一直关注于观测证据的寻找以及物理过程的模拟,“电场穿透效率”这一重要定量化指标直到最近几年才得到重视.本文定义赤道电场增量与对应的行星际电场增量的比值为穿透效率,通过数值模拟的方法对穿透效率的地方时变化以及与中性风发电机的关系做了实验性讨论,在一定简化条件下结果表明：（1）不考虑跨极盖电势饱和的情况下,赤道电场增量与行星际电场增量呈线性关系,且中性风发电机并不影响电场穿透效率;（2）恒定重联线长度L的限定下,穿透效率具有明显地方时依赖性.例如对于L=2.6 RE,在9LT至23LT之间,穿透效率维持在10％左右;0LT至7LT之间,穿透效率迅速从2％上升至30％后又迅速回落到原始水平,形成尖峰.这些结果基本符合观测特征.     

地基观测的夜侧极光对行星际激波的响应

行星际激波与地球磁层相互作用通常会导致日侧极光活动增强,随后沿着极光卵的晨昏两侧向夜侧扩展的激波极光. 行星际激波也可能直接导致夜侧扇区极光活动增强,甚至沉降粒子能通量的数量级可以与典型亚暴相比拟. 本文首次利用我国南极中山站和北极黄河站连续多年积累的极光观测数据,对行星际激波与地球磁层相互作用期间地面台站在夜侧扇区(18—06 MLT)观测的极光响应进行了分析. 对18个极光观测事件的分析结果表明:行星际激波与磁层相互作用可以在夜侧触发极光爆发和极光微弱增强或静态无变化事件;太阳风-磁层能量耦合的效率以及磁层空间的稳定性决定着行星际激波能否触发极光爆发.     

1998年4-5月地球同步轨道MeV电子通量增强事件

采用GOES9卫星观测的能量大于2MeV和大于4MeV电子通量和行星际飞船ACE太阳风参数的高时间分辨率资料,以及磁暴指数Dst资料,分析了1998年4-5月期间地球同步轨道电子通量增强事件的时间和能量响应特征及其与行星际太阳风参数、磁暴和亚暴等扰动条件的对应关系.结果表明,地球同步轨道相对论性（MeV）电子通量增强事件有明显的周日变化,中午极大和午夜极小.4月22日和5月5日开始的两次大事件中,能量大于2MeV电子通量中午极大值上升到最大值的时间尺度分别约为4天和1天,中午极大值高于背景水平的持续时间分别为13天（4月22日-5月4日）和16天（5月4日-20日）以上.每次MeV电子通量增强事件的能量范围不完全相同.两次大事件的上升段都对应于磁暴的恢复相,与太阳风动压脉冲、高速流脉冲和负Bz分量关系密切.     

AFM study on surface nanotopography of matrix olivines in Allende carbonaceous chondrite

By means of nanoscale surface observation, we have proposed a new approach for investigating fine crystals of cosmic materials to reveal their origin and growth conditions. Several different morphologies of polyhedral fine olivines with faceted faces have been found in Allende carbonaceous chondrite (4.5 byr in geochronological age). In the present work, molecular level topography of the faceted matrix olivine by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has successfully been performed. The matrix olivine found to have preserved growth step pattern on its surface even though quite long time has passed since they formed in the early Solar System. The surface pattern suggests that the faceted matrix olivine could have been condensed from the gas phase, and possibly that these olivine crystals had continued to grow under a rapid cooling condition (0.1-1 K s⁻¹). The estimated cooling rate agrees well with predictions based on hypothetical rapid heating and cooling events such as shock wave heating.     

Meteoroid streams that trace to candidate dormant comets

In an effort to identify space mission targets of interest, the association of known meteoroid streams with Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) was investigated. In addition to updating previous searches to include NEOs discovered up to January 1, 2007, a new dissimilarity criterion based on dynamical arguments was applied to evaluate the likelihood of each candidate association. The new criterion is based on the fact that the few established cases, such as 2003 EH1 and the Quadrantid stream, involve parent bodies that fragmented in the most recent nutation cycle of their secular orbital evolution. In established cases, the statistics speak strongly of an association due to the lack of NEOs in the a, e, i phase space occupied by these showers. The newly proposed associations are much more uncertain, because the odds of chance associations greatly increase as orbital inclination of the showers decreases. Forty-two plausible candidate dormant comets were identified, that deserve further scrutiny. Both comet and stream typically lack sufficient data to prove the association. Most candidate parent bodies pertain to NEOs with an aphelion distance just short of Jupiter's orbit, a perihelion distance near Earth orbit, and an eccentricity in the range 0.5-0.8. Surprisingly many have , which means that most candidate parent bodies are dormant Jupiter family comets that have not yet fully decoupled from Jupiter. Establishing these associations can provide further evidence that (mostly) dormant comets break frequently, making this the dominant mechanism for replenishing the zodiacal cloud.     

低空无人机平台应用于海滩地形监测的初步研究

消费级无人机的普及使得海滩监测有新的选择,但不同无人机平台的监测精度与适用情景各异,有必要进行适用性评价。本研究利用两种无人机平台（精灵4 RTK、经纬M300 RTK）与两种地形监测技术（SFM摄影测量、激光雷达）在象山县大沙海滩进行海滩地形监测,计算低空无人机监测海滩地形的平面误差与高程误差,分析不同无人机平台准同步监测结果之间的差异及其原因;利用无人机监测结果分析大沙海滩的地形特征,讨论海滩地形冬季前后变化。分析结果显示,无人机平台能胜任高精度的海滩地形变化监测工作。     

大气对532nm激光影响在漫反射激光测距中的应用

激光光束在大气中的传输是与大气特征有关的,如大气湍流、大气散射与吸收,而且激光测距的回波除了与距离有关外,其回波数及精度也与大气特征相关。漫反射激光测距的目标是低轨空间碎片,在一定反射截面的条件下,应用一定功率的激光进行地面靶板漫反射测距试验,以确定多少功率的激光器可实现空间碎片的漫反射测距,这时地面靶的距离选取应该具有代表性,它代表了在一定斜程下穿过整个大气层的效应。通过对大气湍流和大气衰减对激光传输的影响进行分析,理论上计算出在低轨目标为400km时,漫反射激光测距试验地面靶的水平距离该取多远时才能代表在一定斜程下穿过400km大气层的效应,从而为漫反射激光测距试验地面靶距离的选取提供参考依据。     

北斗卫星导航系统SISURE初步评估

北斗导航系统自2018年12月27日提供全球服务以来,其服务性能受到了极大关注.以上海天文台iGMAS (International GNSS MonitoringAssessment System)分析中心发布的精密轨道、钟差产品作为基准,评估了2019年年积日3–12 d的北斗二号、北斗三号以及GPS广播星历的轨道、钟差和空间信号用户测距误差(Signal in Space User Ranging Error, SISURE,简称为URE),并且对北斗卫星导航系统结果进行了详细的分析.结果表明:在评估时间段内,北斗三号广播星历轨道精度、URE均明显优于北斗二号,且部分结果优于GPS.北斗三号广播星历轨道径向精度最高,优于0.2 m.北斗三号全部卫星URE均值优于0.4 m, URE RMS (root mean square)优于0.5 m.北斗二号每颗卫星URE均值、95%URE (置信度为95%的URE)、URE RMS小于2 m,北斗三号每颗卫星URE均值、95%URE、URE RMS小于1 m,均达到了系统公开承诺的服务性能标准.     

Meteor outbursts from long-period comet dust trails

Long-period comets have narrow one-revolution old dust trails that can cause meteor outbursts when encountered by Earth. To facilitate observing campaigns that will characterize and perhaps help find Earth-threatening, long-period comets from their trace of meteoric debris, we use past accounts of outbursts from 14 different showers to calculate the future dust trail positions near Earth’s orbit. We also examine known near-Earth, long-period comets and identify five potential new showers, which can be utilized to learn more about these objects. We demonstrate that it is the one-revolution trail that is responsible for meteor outbursts. A method that calculates in what year these showers are likely to return and at what hour is presented. The calculations improve on earlier approximate methods that used the Sun’s reflex motion to gauge the trail motion relative to Earth’s orbit.