The response of the azimuthal component of the ionospheric electric field to auroral arc brightening

We have analyzed the response of azimuthal component of the ionospheric electric field to auroral arc activity. We have chosen for analysis three intervals of coordinated EISCAT and TV observations on 18 February, 1993. These intervals include three kinds of arc activity: the appearance of a new auroral arc, the gradual brightening of the existing arc and variations of the arc luminosity. The arcs were mostly east-west aligned. In all cases, the enhancement of arc luminosity is accompanied by a decrease in the westward component of the ionospheric electric field. In contrast, an increase of that component seems to be connected with arc fading. The observed response is assumed to have the same nature as the short circuit of an external electric field by the conductor. The possible consequence of this phenomenon is discussed.     

Invariants in toroidal and tangentially geostrophic frozen-flux velocity fields

We derive two new types of invariant that must be obeyed by the radial magnetic field at the core-mantle boundary if the hypothesis of frozen flux is valid and the fluid motion is either toroidal or tangentially geostrophic there. These general invariants incorporate specific invariants that are already known and can, in principle, be tested using magnetic data that cover an interval of time.     

Bulk-rock Major and Trace Element Compositions of Abyssal Peridotites: Implications for Mantle Melting, Melt Extraction and Post-melting Processes Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges

This paper presents the first comprehensive major and traceelement data for 130 abyssal peridotite samples from the Pacificand Indian ocean ridge–transform systems. The data revealimportant features about the petrogenesis of these rocks, mantlemelting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges,and elemental behaviours. Although abyssal peridotites are serpentinized,and have also experienced seafloor weathering, magmatic signaturesremain well preserved in the bulk-rock compositions. The betterinverse correlation of MgO with progressively heavier rare earthelements (REE) reflects varying amounts of melt depletion. Thismelt depletion may result from recent sub-ridge mantle melting,but could also be inherited from previous melt extraction eventsfrom the fertile mantle source. Light REE (LREE) in bulk-rocksamples are more enriched, not more depleted, than in the constituentclinopyroxenes (cpx) of the same sample suites. If the cpx LREErecord sub-ridge mantle melting processes, then the bulk-rockLREE must reflect post-melting refertilization. The significantcorrelations of LREE (e.g. La, Ce, Pr, Nd) with immobile highfield strength elements (HFSE, e.g. Nb and Zr) suggest thatenrichments of both LREE and HFSE resulted from a common magmaticprocess. The refertilization takes place in the ‘cold’thermal boundary layer (TBL) beneath ridges through which theascending melts migrate and interact with the advanced residues.The refertilization apparently did not affect the cpx relicsanalyzed for trace elements. This observation suggests grain-boundaryporous melt migration in the TBL. The ascending melts may notbe thermally ‘reactive’, and thus may have affectedonly cpx rims, which, together with precipitated olivine, entrappedmelt, and the rest of the rock, were subsequently serpentinized.Very large variations in bulk-rock Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios areobserved, which are unexpected. The correlation between thetwo ratios is consistent with observations on basalts that D_Zr/D_Hf< 1 and D_Nb/D_Ta < 1. Given the identical charges (5⁺ forNb and Ta; 4⁺ for Zr and Hf) and essentially the same ionicradii (R_Nb/R_Ta = 1·000 and R_Zr/R_Hf = 1·006–1·026),yet a factor of 2 mass differences (M_Zr/M_Hf = 0·511 andM_Nb/M_Ta = 0·513), it is hypothesized that mass-dependentD values, or diffusion or mass-transfer rates may be importantin causing elemental fractionations during porous melt migrationin the TBL. It is also possible that some ‘exotic’phases with highly fractionated Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios may existin these rocks, thus having ‘nugget’ effects onthe bulk-rock analyses. All these hypotheses need testing byconstraining the storage and distribution of all the incompatibletrace elements in mantle peridotite. As serpentine containsup to 13 wt % H₂O, and is stable up to 7 GPa before it is transformedto dense hydrous magnesium silicate phases that are stable atpressures of 5–50 GPa, it is possible that the serpentinizedperidotites may survive, at least partly, subduction-zone dehydration,and transport large amounts of H₂O (also Ba, Rb, Cs, K, U, Sr,Pb, etc. with elevated U/Pb ratios) into the deep mantle. Thelatter may contribute to the HIMU component in the source regionsof some oceanic basalts. KEY WORDS: abyssal peridotites; serpentinization; seafloor weathering; bulk-rock major and trace element compositions; mantle melting; melt extraction; melt–residue interaction; porous flows; Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf fractionations; HIMU mantle sources     

On the solar cycle dependence of winds and planetary waves as seen from mid-latitude D1 LF mesopause region wind measurements

At the Collm Observatory of the University of Leipzig LF D1 low-frequency total reflection nighttime wind measurements have been carried out continuously for more than two decades. Using a multiple regression analysis to derive prevailing winds, tides and the quasi-2-day wave from the half-hourly mean values of the horizontal wind components, monthly mean values of mesopause wind parameters are obtained that can be analysed with respect to long-term trends and influences of solar variability. The response of the prevailing wind to the 11-year solar cycle differs throughout the year. While in winter no significant correlation between the zonal prevailing wind and solar activity is found, in spring and summer a negative correlation between the TWC can be seen from the measurements. This is connected with stronger vertical gradients of the zonal prevailing wind during solar maximum than during solar minimum. Since the amplitude of the quasi-2-day wave is dependent on the zonal mean wind vertical gradient, this is connected with a positive correlation between solar activity and quasi-two-day wave activity.Paper Presented at the Second IAGA/ICMA (IAMAS) Workshop on Solar Activity Forcing of the Middle Atmosphere, Prague, August 1997     

1957-2014年库布齐沙漠地面风场特征

风对沙漠化过程具有重要影响,起沙风是塑造沙漠地貌格局的主要动力。根据1957-2014年库布齐沙漠周边4个基准气象站的地面风资料,从风速、风向和输沙势等方面分析库布齐沙漠的地面风场特征。结果显示：（1）库布齐沙漠的起沙风频率与平均风速有很高的相关性;（2）年平均风速为2.7 m·s^-1,全年盛行风向为WNW-NW,为中等变率锐双峰风况,合成输沙风向约为310°。4月风速最大,为中等变率环境;8月风速较小,为高变率环境;1月风速最小,为低变率环境。3-6月风速最大,风向集中度一般;11月至翌年2月风速较大,风向集中度高;7-10月风速最小,风向集中度差;（3）20世纪80年代中后期和2007年前后风速、起沙风频率和输沙势发生了较大变化,尤其是2007年前后由减小向增大发展;（4）大气环流和地表粗糙度的改变是库布齐沙漠地面风场变化的重要原因。     

兼顾志愿者地理信息的国家应急测绘公众服务平台设计

随着互联网技术的进步和新一代网络信息传播模式的深入发展,志愿者地理信息的研究和应用日益广泛,但由于其规范性和均一性方面的缺陷,在应急公共服务领域,志愿者信息的有效利用依旧是亟需突破的难题。本文将重点介绍国家应急测绘公众服务平台设计思路和总体架构,并结合志愿者地理信息特点,探讨该类信息在国家应急测绘公众服务平台建设中的处理流程和应用模式,力求在应急信息资源共享和服务平台共建方面进行新的尝试,为我国突发事件应急体系建设提供有益实践。     

Libration Points in Schwarzschild's Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem

The restricted three-body problem in Schwarzschild's gravitational field is analyzed. The existen- ce of the equilibrium points in the orbital plane is discussed and the corresponding positions are established. There are three collinear libration points, and, if they exist, two triangular libration points (situated in the orbital plane of the primaries). If triangular points exist, they may not form equilateral triangles; the triangles are isosceles for equal masses of the primaries, and scalene else.     

培育志趣，引导学生奔向地球科学大道

随着人类社会和科学技术的发展,尤其是中国国力的提升和教育的深化提高,教育改革,包括地学高等教育的改革,就更需进一步深化,以适应时代发展的需要。文章根据作者长期从事地学教学实践与科研的经历,针对2020年全国基础地质学教学会议关于普通地质学教学改革的精神,概括提出两点体会,一是关于普地教学目标和任务,二是涉及普地教学关键所在,供同行讨论。作者从地球科学基本特征和教学目标出发,提出普地教学的核心价值与重要性,进一步明确普地教学的关键在于教师队伍、教学定位与目标及教学内容与方法等三个方面。普通地质学的教学是地学高等教育中最基础、最关键的环节,其总体目标是提高地学教育的普适性,目的是培育学生的科学志趣,引导学生奔向地球科学大道。     

重力方法研究河南区域构造及控煤作用

河南地区存在三个明显的重力异常区,与其区内三个次一级的构造分区相一致,其重力异常曲线的挤压扭曲特征、剪切平移特征、张性舒展特征分别对应构造挤压变形机制、平移剪切机制及变形拉张机制。这些变形受印支、燕山及喜马拉雅期三大构造运动控制,其中印支期剥蚀及沉降程度是构成现今煤层埋藏条件的重要因素,燕山期形成河南煤田的逆冲推覆型控煤构造,喜马拉雅期构造运动,最终确立了河南煤系的展布范围及赋存状态,这表明控煤模式是构造运动的结果。     

后金融危机时期我国大型勘察设计企业的发展战略研究

2007年爆发的金融危机,给我国勘察设计企业带来了深刻的影响和变革。在后金融危机时代到来之际,大型勘察设计企业作为行业的龙头力量,应该吸取经验和教训,在发展方向上进行深入研究,积极进行战略调整,通过资源整合、优化产业结构等多种方式实施企业的发展转型,增强企业的综合竞争实力和生存能力,使企业能够抵御各种经济风险,实现基业长青、可持续发展的根本目的。