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491.
In traditional urban geography, city contact research is a classic study element in city research. In general, researchers use the traditional gravity model to characterize the contacts that exist between two cities. The traditional gravity model assumes ideal condi- tions, but these preconditions and their results often do not exist in realistic conditions. Thus, we used a modified gravity model to char- acterize the city contacts within a specific region. This model considers factors such as intercity complementarities, government inter- vention, and the diversity of the transportation infrastructure which is characterized as the transportation distance instead of the tradi- tional Euclidean distance. We applied this model to an empirical study of city contact in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta (PRD) of China. The regression results indicated that the modified gravity model could measure city contact more accurately and comprehen- sively than the traditional gravity model, i.e., it yielded a higher adjusted R2 value (0.379) than the traditional gravity model result (0.259). Our study also suggests that, in addition to urban-regional and metropolitan development, the complementarities of the basic functions of cities at the administrative and market levels, as well as the corporeal and immaterial levels, play very significant roles in the characterization of city contact. Given the complexity of city contact, it will be necessary to consider more relevant influential fac- tors in the modified gravity model to characterize the features of city contact in the future. 相似文献
492.
To retrieve wind field from SAR images, the development for surface wind field retrieval from SAR images based on the improvement of new inversion model is present. Geophysical Model Functions(GMFs) have been widely applied for wind field retrieval from SAR images. Among them CMOD4 has a good performance under low and moderate wind conditions. Although CMOD5 is developed recently with a more fundamental basis, it has ambiguity of wind speed and a shape gradient of normalized radar cross section under low wind speed condition. This study proposes a method of wind field retrieval from SAR image by combining CMOD5 and CMOD4 Five VV-polarisation RADARSAT2 SAR images are implemented for validation and the retrieval results by a combination method(CMOD5 and CMOD4) together with CMOD4 GMF are compared with QuikSCAT wind data. The root-mean-square error(RMSE) of wind speed is 0.75 m s-1 with correlation coefficient 0.84 using the combination method and the RMSE of wind speed is 1.01 m s-1 with correlation coefficient 0.72 using CMOD4 GMF alone for those cases. The proposed method can be applied to SAR image for avoiding the internal defect in CMOD5 under low wind speed condition. 相似文献
493.
长三角盛夏—初秋强降水的延伸期过程预报探析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
针对长三角汛期强降水过程,根据不同降水类型的特性,提出分时段建立低频模型并给出建模流程。综合分析长三角汛期强降水期的低频特性,将低频气旋及反气旋区分划分7个关键区。重点研究盛夏—初秋时段的强降水特征,在总结强降水期低频特征的基础上,借助EOF分解建立延伸期大—暴雨的预报模型:1区或2区有低频气旋维持并发展;6区、7区或5区存在低频反气旋。并且在7个关键区中1、2区的低频气旋及5、6、7区的低频反气旋为主要低频系统,起决定作用,而3区的低频系统为次要低频系统,起辅助作用。利用该模型提前30 d预报出2012年汛期最强降水过程,并分析本次过程的低频系统演变,给出动态演变模型。 相似文献
494.
The accurate understanding of atmospheric aerosol extinction coefficients is very important for at- mospheric science research. To achieve a fast and simple method for determining the parameters, the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles of atmospheric aerosols is required. In this paper, the authors introduce the detec- tion basis of forward-scattering of atmospheric aerosols, and the authors verify the sensitivity of the phase function to the real part of the complex refractive index. The au- thors use the Jaenicke urban aerosol model to determine that forward-scattering angles near 33° are suitable. However, the optimal forward-scattering angles in North China are between 37° and 40°. Numerical simulation shows that certain types of particle size distribution of newly generated particles and pollution have limited in- fluences on the selection of forward-scattering angles. But the ranges of these insensitive angles shift - 10 degrees for dust intrusion, and the relative deviations of the phase function are less than 5.0% within extra angles of 0° to 3°. This study can serve as a reference for the selection of optimal forward-scattering angles for visibility meters and Present Weather Identifiers (PWIs) in addition to the de- tection of forward-scattering optical properties. 相似文献
495.
A Numerical Verification of Self-Similar Multiplicative Theory for Small-Scale Atmospheric Turbulent Convection 下载免费PDF全文
The self-similar multiplicative theory(SSM theory), aims to interpret the scaling behavior of the temperature structure function. In the present paper, the author report results from a numerical simulation of atmospheric turbulent convection in order to verify this theory. The simulation was based on a shell model which was deduced from simplified atmospheric convection equations. The numerical results agreed well with the theory prediction of scaling law from the first order to the eighth order. They also showed that the prediction of this theory was better than that given by the Kolmogorov's theory in 1941, log-normal, and β model theories. 相似文献
496.
497.
Tomi P. Luoto Marjut Kaukolehto Jan Weckström Atte Korhola Minna Väliranta 《Quaternary Research》2014
Paleoclimate reconstructions based on biological proxies present methodological challenges, especially during non-analog conditions, such as the early Holocene. Here, two chironomid-based training sets from Finland were amalgamated to create a more accurate transfer function of summer air temperature. The aim was to reconstruct Holocene paleoclimate in northernmost Lapland, in an area that has been either too warm or too cold for reliable reconstructions using the original calibration models. The results showed that the combined calibration model had improved performance statistics. The temperature trends inferred from the downcore chironomid record using the original and combined models were very similar. However, there were major changes in their absolute values with the combined model showing greatly improved accuracy. The chironomid-based temperature reconstruction showed significant correlation with the previous pollen-based reconstructions from northwestern Finnish Lapland. However, differences were observed in the temperature trends of the early Holocene, when the chironomid-inferred temperatures rapidly increased, but the pollen-based reconstructions lagged behind suggesting that a cool climate continued for much longer. However, similar to the chironomid record, new plant macrofossil evidence from northwestern Finland also showed warmer-than-present early Holocene temperatures. Therefore, we conclude that the early Holocene was probably warm in northern Lapland. 相似文献
498.
The classical influence function method is widely used in mining subsidence prediction, but its use is typically limited to predicting the subsidence associated with horizontal stratiform underground mining when the ground surface is flat. By investigating the topography influence on subsidence under simplified mining conditions, this study attempts to improve the original influence function method to take topographic variations into account. New asymmetrical influence functions are used to simulate element subsidence. Integrating this asymmetrical approach into the influence function method increases the realism of subsidence computation when compared to the numerical simulation results. The maximum subsidence value and influence angle got from field data are introduced into the improved method, then two field subsidence cases are studied and acceptable comparison results are achieved. This improved method should serve as the foundation for future work. 相似文献
499.
500.
为揭示降水入渗时坡面水文连通性特征以及坡度和雨强等对水文连通性的影响,研究基于人工降雨模拟试验,分别采用结构性指标径流长度(Flowlength,lF)和功能性指标相对地表连接函数(Relative Surface Connection Function, FRC)分析不同坡度坡面(5°、15°、25°;面积为150 cm×50 cm)在不同雨强(25 mm/h、50 mm/h、70 mm/h和86 mm/h)条件下的水文连通性。研究结果表明:坡面水文连通结构主要由lF为0~100 mm的径流路径组成,其栅格频率高达90%以上,而lF为100~500 mm的栅格频率为3%~8%。水文连通性的迅速发展主要集中在降水事件的开始阶段,而一定阶段以后入渗速率与地表储水速率基本持平,水文连通性呈现出较为稳定的发展趋势。坡度增大整体上有利于水文连通性的发展。5°坡面对应水文连通面积比率整体小于其他坡度。由于雨强增大到一定范围时将增加地表糙率,从而阻碍水文连通性的发展,研究中仅25 mm/h对应水文连通性明显区别于其他雨强,而其他雨强间则在多数情况下水文连通性差别较小。 相似文献