张其昀的地理思想和学术成就

张其昀(1901—1985)是我国近代地理学的创建者之一。他在地理教育以及人文地理学的广泛领域卓有建树。本文阐述他的学术成就,并探讨他的地理思想。     

Suspended sediment sources and tributary effects in the lower reaches of a coastal plain stream as indicated by radionuclides, Loco Bayou, Texas

Characterizing the dynamics of fluvial sediment sources over space and time is often critical in identifying human impacts on fluvial systems. Upland interfluve and subsoil sources of suspended sediment at Loco Bayou, Texas, were distinguished using ²²⁶Ra/²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th and, ²²⁸Ra/²³²Th. Source contributions were apportioned at three stations during within-bank and flood flows. ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_xs (excess ²¹⁰Pb) were used to determine floodplain sedimentation; suspended sediment ²¹⁰Pb_xs/¹³⁷Cs data mirrored results of Ra/Th, showing dominance of subsoil sources during within-bank flows, changing to interfluve sources during flood. This trend corresponds spatially to influx of sediment from ephemeral tributaries, reflecting mobilization of stored interfluvial sediments during flood stage. Upper basin sedimentation was similar but markedly less at the lowermost station. These results indicate (1) modified ephemeral tributaries store sediment derived from sheet wash, discharging them during flood, and (2) southernmost Loco Bayou is episodically re-worked, resulting in significantly reduced local rates of sedimentation.     

Fire and vegetation history during the last 3800 years in northwestern Montana

Foy Lake in northwestern Montana provides a record of annual-to-decadal-scale landscape change. Sedimentary charcoal and pollen analyses were used to document fire and vegetation changes over the last 3800 years, which were then compared to similar records from AD 1880 to 2000. The long-term record at Foy Lake suggests shifts between forest and steppe as well as changes in fire regime that are likely the result of climate change. Fire activity (inferred from the frequency of charcoal peaks) averaged 18 fire episodes/1000 years from 3800 to 2125 cal year BP, and increased from 16 fire episodes/1000 years at 2125 cal year BP to 22 episodes/1000 years at 750 cal year BP, a period when the pollen data suggest that steppe vegetation yielded to increasing patches of forest cover. Between 2125 and 750 cal year BP, increased forest cover produced more background charcoal than before and after this period, when vegetation was dominated by steppe. Between 750 and 75 cal year BP steppe has expanded and fire episode frequency averaged 33 episodes/1000 years, increasing to a maximum of 40 episodes/1000 years at ca. 300 cal year BP and then decreasing to present levels. Since AD 1880, the pollen record indicates an increase in shrubs and grasses from AD 1895 to 1960 as a result of vegetation changes associated with timber harvesting and livestock grazing. No fires have been documented in the Foy Lake watershed since AD 1880. Charcoal from the extralocal fires of AD 1910, burning over 4,111,249 ha in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, however, is present in Foy Lake. Between AD 1970 and 2000, increased arboreal pollen in the record is consistent with observations that the forest has become more closed. The activities of Euro–Americans have led to a decline in forest cover between AD 1880 and 1970, followed by a recent increase as trees are now growing in areas previously occupied by steppe. Euro–Americans are likely the cause of a reduction in fire activity in watershed since AD 1880.     

广东沿海经济高速发展区人地系统可持续发展研究

粤中沿海经济高速发展的典型区域－深圳市人地中系统持续性从１９８０￣１９９０年逐渐增加,但１９９１年开始下降;东莞市人地系统可持续性从１９８０年以后逐渐增强。目前深圳市和东莞市人地系统均处于弱可持续性状况。     

江汉平原湖泊沉积物的化学特征及其与人类活动的关系

通过对江汉平原洪湖、长湖、东湖和沙湖４个代表性湖泊沉积物化学特征的分析，探讨江汉平原湖泊的演化特点及工类活动的影响的程度，指出江汉平原湖泊受人类活动的影响程度已超过自然过程。     

西北欧全新世中期的Elm Decline研究新进展

在５０００ａ ＢＰ西北欧发生的Ｅｌｍ Ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ，是全新世突发性环境事件或灾变过程的表现。它在６０年来一直是欧洲环境变迁，考古和＾１４Ｃ年代学界关心的热点论题，对其研究进展作了系统的评述，以了解其研究现状，促进我国全新世环境变迁和人地关系演变科学研究。     

江苏海岸潮滩沉积环境及其可持续利用问题

凭借着独一无二的地质、地貌、海洋、气候、土壤和生态特征，江苏潮滩拥有丰富的自然资源，然而却又受着不利自然条件及不合理人类活动的限制。江苏潮滩沉积表现出4个水平相带：草滩(湿地)沉积带、盐蒿泥滩沉积带、泥一砂混和滩沉积带、粉砂滩沉积带。潮滩是极为脆弱的生态系统，它极容易受到湿地围垦、低效的生产方式、酷取滥采、环境污染等人类扰动的破坏。基于以上认识，提出顺应潮滩自然演变，人类活动与潮滩沉积环境的和谐开发利用及保护模式。     

9000 years of chironomid assemblage dynamics in an Alpine lake: long-term trends, sensitivity to disturbance, and resilience of the fauna

Subfossil chironomid analysis was applied to a sediment core from Sägistalsee, a small lake at present-day tree-line elevation in the Swiss Alps. During the whole 9000-year stratigraphy the chironomid fauna was dominated by taxa typical of alpine lakes. Major faunistic trends were caused by changes in accumulation rates of three taxa, namely Procladius, Stictochironomus, and Tanytarsus lugens-type. In the early Holocene Procladius was the dominant taxon. In younger samples, Stictochironomus tended to have as high or higher abundances and both taxa showed an increase in accumulation rates. A possible cause of this succession is the decrease of lake-water depth due to infilling of the lake basin and changes in associated limnological parameters. The immigration of Picea (spruce) at ca. 6500 cal. ¹⁴C yrs BP and the resulting denser woodlands in the lake's catchment may have promoted this trend. During three phases, from ca. 70–1450, 1900–2350, and 3500–3950 cal. BP, remains of Procladius, Stictochironomus, and Tanytarsus lugens-type are absent from the lake sediment, whereas other typical lake taxa and stream chironomids show no change in accumulation rate. Together with sediment chemistry data, this suggests that increased oxygen deficits in the lake's bottom water during these intervals caused the elimination of chironomids living in the deepest part of the lake. All three periods coincide with increased human activity in the catchment, as deduced from palaeobotanical evidence. Therefore, enhanced nutrient loading of the lake due to the presence of humans and their livestock in the catchment is the most likely cause of the increased anoxia. The chironomid fauna reacted the same way to intensive pasturing during the last ca. 1500 years as to Bronze Age clear-cutting and more moderate pasturing during the Bronze, Iron, and Roman Ages, suggesting that alpine lake ecosystems can be extremely sensitive to human activity in the catchment. On the other hand, the chironomid assemblages show a considerable amount of resilience to human disturbance, as the chironomid fauna reverted to the pre-impact stage after the first two periods of human activity. In recent years, even though pasturing decreased again, the chironomid fauna has only partly recovered. This is possibly due to other human-induced changes in the lake ecosystem, e.g., the stocking of the lake with fish. The chironomid stratigraphy is difficult to interpret climatologically as the strongest changes in chironomid-inferred temperatures coincide with periods of intensive human activity in the catchment.     

20世纪90年代以来欧美人文地理学(导论)教材编写新趋向及其启示

基于对欧美人文地理学（导论）教材出版的新情况,对相关问题作些尝试性的探讨,以期为编写出优秀且符合时代要求的人文地理学（导论）教材提供一些参考。欧美同类教材的趋向：① 在原有多样化的基础上重构;② 概念主导的教材在增长;③ 概念主导教材的作者在增多。这些新动向给我们的启示：① 针对多样化的需要,编出多样化的导论教材;② 加强教材的学术性和思想性;③ 教材写作要突出基本概念,培养地理学思维。     

人类活动与气候变化对科尔沁沙质草地植被的影响

1992—2006年在科尔沁沙地开展了草地放牧和封育试验,分析研究了人类放牧活动和气候变化对草地植被的影响。研究结果表明：①人类放牧活动对沙质草地植被具有显著影响,其中轻度放牧可使原退化草地植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度和多样性明显提高,中度放牧下虽然草地植被盖度和高度有所下降,但对物种丰富度和多样性无不良影响,持续过度放牧可以导致草地植被迅速破坏;②围栏封育可以促进退化草地植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度和植物多样性得到较快恢复,其恢复速度是草层高度＞植被盖度＞物种丰富度＞多样性;③暖湿气候有利于草地维持较高的植被盖度、高度、物种丰富度和多样性,而持续干旱会导致相应指标的明显下降,多雨时期气温变化对植被的影响较大,干旱时期降水变化对植被的作用较强。