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61.
FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION MODES ALONG THE CHANGJIANG RIVER MAIN LINE AND ITS DELTA AREA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHANGShi-yu XIAOHan-liang 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2003,13(3):259-261
The Changjiang River (Yangtze) is one of the fastest growth areas of container transportation in Chi-na. Rail, road and water transportation have competed against each other for container transportation in the Chang-jiang River main line and its delta area. It is of significance to assess these different transportation modes scientifi-cally in order to organize container transportation efficiently in this area and make decision for integral plan and construction of transportation system in this area. This paper outlines application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to appraise different modes of typical direction of containers. Twelve assessment indexes were decided. Membership functions were formulated. Evaluation results indicated that road transportation was optimal mode in the Changjiang River delta area, however water transportation was the primary way in the Changjiang River main line. 相似文献
62.
In view of rapid developments in iterative solvers, it is timely to re‐examine the merits of using mixed formulation for incompressible problems. This paper presents extensive numerical studies to compare the accuracy of undrained solutions resulting from the standard displacement formulation with a penalty term and the two‐field mixed formulation. The standard displacement and two‐field mixed formulations are solved using both direct and iterative approaches to assess if it is cost‐effective to achieve more accurate solutions. Numerical studies of a simple footing problem show that the mixed formulation is able to solve the incompressible problem ‘exactly’, does not create pressure and stress instabilities, and obviate the need for an ad hoc penalty number. In addition, for large‐scale problems where it is not possible to perform direct solutions entirely within available random access memory, it turns out that the larger system of equations from mixed formulation also can be solved much more efficiently than the smaller system of equations arising from standard formulation by using the symmetric quasi‐minimal residual (SQMR) method with the generalized Jacobi (GJ) preconditioner. Iterative solution by SQMR with GJ preconditioning also is more elegant, faster, and more accurate than the popular Uzawa method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
64.
WANGWei-wu ZHULi-zhong WANGRen-chao SHIYong-jung 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2003,13(1):39-47
Urban heat environmental quality(UHEQ) is affected by the interacting of weather condition and underlying surface framework of urban area .In the last two decades,many researchers from domestic and overseas have studied many problems at the aspect of urban heat environment such as urban heat islands ,urban air temperature and their rela-tion with urban land cover,city population,air pollution etc,In the recent years,Hangzhou,acting as a center city of Zhejiang Province in China,its urbanization quantum and quantity have both changed greatly,in particular ,representing as business affairs building,resident real property and all kins of specialty market having arisen in built-up zone,Based on Landsat TM images data in 1991 and 1999,urban underlying surface temperature value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated using image interpreting and supervised classification technique by remote sensing software ERDAS image 8.4,The relation model between urban underlying surface temperature (UUST )and urban air temperature was setup according to the certain correlation patten .Reference to the relational standard of assessing human comfort and other meteorology data of Hangzhou City in summer,the spatial distribution characteristic and the spatial varia-tion degree of human comfort of heat environmental quality are estimated and mapped on a middle scale,that is ,in six districts of Hangzhou City .Then the paper reveals the main characteristic of spatial variation from 1991 to 1999.Lastly,the change mechanism is analyzed and discussed from the viewpoint of city planning,construction and environmental protec-tion. 相似文献
65.
长江三峡工程地壳形变监测网络 总被引:19,自引:10,他引:9
长江三峡工程地壳形变监测网络,采用了当今高精度GPS、INSAR空间大地测量技术,并与精密水准测量,精密重力测量,精密激光测距和峒体连续形变监测等技术相结合,构成一个空间上点、线、面结合,时间上长、中、短兼顾的高精度,高时空分辨率的地壳形变监测网络。该网络既可获取三峡库区特别是库首区区域形变场和区域应变场的动态变化,监测库区主要断层活动,为水库诱发地震预测及研究服务,又可用于气象、滑坡地质灾害监测等,该监测网络于1997年底开始建设,2001年6月建成,到目前为止,已获得大量宝贵的观测资料,必将产生显著的经济效益和社会效益。 相似文献
66.
1 INTRODUCTION One of the most intriguing phenomena in the late Neoproterozoic (~750 to 543 Ma) is the globa occurrence of thin carbonates that directly overlie glacial deposits in almost every continent (Kennedy 1996; Hoffman et al., 1998; Hoffman and Schrag 2002; Brasier and Shields, 2000; James et al., 2001 Jiang et al., 2003; Nogueira et al., 2003). These “cap carbonates”, commonly several to tens of meters thick, have attracted enormous interests because o their unusually negati… 相似文献
67.
1 INTRODUCTION Active oxygen free radicals can damage cell structure, even kill the cells, causing aging and cer- tain serious diseases (Bors et al., 1989). Usually, the production and scavenging of active oxygen free radicals are in balance in healthy hu… 相似文献
68.
《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(5):653-668
Filtering either through the electronics of an instrument or through digital procedure is performed routinely on geophysical
data. When velocity fluctuations are measured in turbulent flows using electromagnetic current meters (ECMs), a builtin lowpass
Butterworth filter of order n usually attenuates fluctuations at high frequencies. However, the effects of this filter may
not be acknowledged in turbulence studies, thus impeding comparisons between data collected with different ECMs. This paper
explores the implications of the filters on the characteristics of velocity signals, mainly on variance, power spectra, and
correlation analyses. Variance losses resulting from filtering can be important but will vary with the order n of the Butterworth
filter, decreasing as n increases. Knowing the filter response, it is possible to reconstruct the original signal spectrum
to evaluate the effect of filtering on variance and to allow comparisons between data collected with different instruments.
The autocorrelation function also is affected by filtering which increases the value of the coefficients in the first lags,
resulting in an overestimation of the integral length scale of coherent structures. These important effects add to those related
to size and shape differences in ECM sensors and must be taken into account in comparative studies. 相似文献
69.
贵州和四川盆地云量的气候研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
贵州和四川盆地是我国云量最多的地区,素有“天无三日晴”和“蜀犬吠日”之说,盆地西缘的雅安古时还有“雅州天漏”的谚语。从全球日照百分率分布推知,川黔地区也是世界上天气最阴沉的地区之一。川黔之阴一向为国内外气象界所注意,本文根据1951—1980 相似文献
70.
The primary occurrence of ruby in the Mogok area, northern Myanmar is exclusively found in marble along with spinel–forsterite-bearing marble and phlogopite–graphite marble. These marble units are enclosed within banded biotite–garnet–sillimanite–oligoclase gneisses. Samples of these marbles collected for C–O stable isotope analysis show two trends of δ13C–δ18O variation resulting most likely from fluid–rock interactions. Ruby-bearing marble and phlogopite–graphite marble follow a trend with coupled C–O depletion, whereas spinel–forsterite-bearing marble follows a δ18O depletion trend with relatively constant δ13C values. Ruby formation might have resulted from CO2-rich fluid–rock interaction, while spinel–forsterite-bearing marble was genetically related to CO2-poor fluid–rock interaction. Both fluids may have arisen from external sources. Based on graphite Raman spectral thermometry, the estimated temperature for phlogopite–graphite marble, and probably ruby-bearing marble, was lower than 607 °C, and for spinel–forsterite-bearing marble, lower than 710 °C. Contrasting C/O diffusion between graphite/ruby/spinel/forsterite and calcite, local variations of isotopic compositions of newly formed minerals as a result of non-pervasive fluid infiltration, and open-system isotopic disturbance during cooling may have affected C-/O-isotopic fractionations between minerals. The estimated high formation temperatures for ruby and spinel/forsterite imply that the parental fluids may have been related to nearby igneous intrusions and/or metamorphic processes. Whether these two types of fluid were genetically related is unclear based on the present data. 相似文献