高温热浪与干热风的危害特征比较研究

综述了高温热浪与干热风气象灾害在危害特点、类型与指标、气候特征、形成原因、对全球气候变暖的响应、防御技术与应对策略等6个方面的内容。并对两者进行了比较,高温热浪和干热风既有共同点又有区别和联系,两者均是一种较短时间尺度的重大天气灾害,高温低湿是两者主要的基本天气特征;在形成原因——主要是环流特征异常和对全球气候的响应等方面两者基本上是一致的;在同一地域同一时间两者也可能同时发生;在干旱季节有利于这两种灾害的发生发展和加重危害。在危害特点、类型与指标、气候特征、防御技术与应对策略等方面有所不同,高温热浪是一种综合性的气象灾害;而干热风是一种农业气象灾害。     

Comparative Studies on the Harm Characteristic of Hot-dry wind and High Temperature Heat Waves

This paper summarized six aspects such as the harm characteristics, type and index, climatic characteristics, causes, responding to globe changes, protecting technology and answering tactics of hot-dry wind and high temperature heat wave. There is distinction and relationship between hot dry wind and high temperature heat wave. This includes that both of hot-dry wind and high temperature heat wave belong to serious shorter time scale weather disasters. Lower humidity and higher temperature are their main characteristics. The two causes of abnormal circulation characteristics and impacts of the disasters from climate change are basically the same. The disasters may occur in the same area during the same period. Arid season is helphul for their development and aggravation damage. There are differences on harm characteristics, type and index, climatic characteristics, protecting technology and answering tactics in this two weather disasters in that the high temperature heat wave is the comprehensiveness meteorological disasters and dry-hot wind is the agrometeorological disasters.     

金沙江中游上江坝址河床深厚覆盖层建高坝可行性探讨

摘 要 上江坝址为金沙江中游龙头水库的比选坝址之一,坝址河床覆盖层最厚达206.2 m,在深厚覆盖层上修建最低249 m级的高土石坝,大坝规模达到甚至超过世界前沿水平,筑坝技术难度大。通过测绘、钻探、物探、物理力学测试等工作揭示:(1)河床覆盖层由漂卵石、低液限粘土、砾卵石、碎块石、砂砾石等组成;(2)河床覆盖层中各粗粒土强度相对较高,低液限粘土强度较低,为坝基一条连续完整的相对软弱带;(3)坝址位于龙蟠断陷盆地内,主要受新构造垂直差异运动的影响,河床接受金沙江上游及坡体上物质堆积,逐渐形成了现今的深厚覆盖层。初步研究本坝址在河床覆盖层上建高土石坝是可行的,但需要对坝基采取工程处理措施。探讨了不同建坝方案所引发的工程地质问题,为筑坝技术研究提供了地质依据。     

高速屏蔽层下广角地震波场分析及成像方法

在高速玄武岩屏蔽区进行勘探存在一定困难,本文以我国南 方典型靶区为例,提出了解决问题的方法. 首先从理论上探讨了广角地震信号存在的条件以 及在应用过程中所面临的问题. 利用正演理论模型分析了广角地震信号的运动学特征以及噪 声对广角反射的影响. 利用物理模型对广角地震的动力学特征、波场特征及动校拉伸现象进 行了分析. 在上述基础上,对广角地震数据作了精细处理,完成了玄武岩下的地震成像.     

锦屏水电站解放沟反倾高边坡变形机制的探讨

通过对锦屏水电站某一反倾高边坡的野外调查、室内测试实验及数值模拟计算分析 ,对其变形机制有了进一步的认识。对以往的结论重新进行论证 ,用证据说明问题 ,最终得出新的研究成果。本文认为解放沟左岸深层变形是由河谷快速下切过程中边坡发生深部卸荷松弛和倾内层状体斜坡的深部岩层弯曲倾倒共同作用所引起     

Synchrotron self-Compton models of high brightness temperature radio sources

We re-examine the maximum brightness temperature that a synchrotron source can sustain by adapting standard synchrotron theory to an electron distribution that exhibits a deficit at low energy. The absence of low energy electrons reduces the absorption of synchrotron photons, allowing the source to reach a higher brightness temperature without the onset of catastrophic cooling. We find that a temperature of ∼10¹⁴ K is possible at GHz frequencies. In addition, a high degree of intrinsic circular polarisation is produced. We compute the stationary, synchrotron and self-Compton spectrum arising from the continuous injection of such a distribution (modelled as a double power-law) balanced by radiative losses and escape, and compare it with the simultaneously observed multi-wavelength spectrum of the BL Lac object S5 0716+714. This framework may provide an explanation of other high brightness-temperature sources without the need for mechanisms such as coherent emission or proton synchrotron radiation.     

On the possibility of a lower-hybrid instability driven by fast ions sputtered from a meteoroid

Recently, the sputtering of fast meteoroids by impinging atmospheric particles, and the subsequent interaction of the sputtered material with the atmosphere, has been proposed to explain the meteor luminosity observed at high altitudes. In this brief communication, we consider the possibility of a lower hybrid instability driven by the ionized component of the material sputtered from a fast large meteoroid at high altitudes.     

Highly-reduced dynamic orbits and their use for global gravity field recovery: A simulation study for GOCE

The so-called highly reduced-dynamic (HRD) orbit determination strategy and its use for the determination of the Earth’s gravitational field are analyzed. We discuss the functional model for the generation of HRD orbits, which are a compromise of the two extreme cases of dynamic and purely geometrically determined kinematic orbits. For gravity field recovery the energy integral approach is applied, which is based on the law of energy conservation in a closed system. The potential of HRD orbits for gravity field determination is studied in the frame of a simulated test environment based on a realistic GOCE orbit configuration. The results are analyzed, assessed, and compared with the respective reference solutions based on a kinematic orbit scenario. The main advantage of HRD orbits is the fact that they contain orbit velocity information, thus avoiding numerical differentiation on the orbit positions. The error characteristics are usually much smoother, and the computation of gravity field solutions is more efficient, because less densely sampled orbit information is sufficient. On the other hand, the main drawback of HRD orbits is that they contain external gravity field information, and thus yield the danger to obtain gravity field results which are biased towards this prior information.     

Seismic analysis of two‐way asymmetric building systems under bi‐directional seismic ground motions

An approximation approach of seismic analysis of two‐way asymmetric building systems under bi‐directional seismic ground motions is proposed. The procedures of uncoupled modal response history analysis (UMRHA) are extended to two‐way asymmetric buildings simultaneously excited by two horizontal components of ground motion. Constructing the relationships of two‐way base shears versus two‐way roof translations and base torque versus roof rotation in ADRS format for a two‐way asymmetric building, each modal pushover curve bifurcates into three curves in an inelastic state. A three‐degree‐of‐freedom (3DOF) modal stick is developed to simulate the modal pushover curve with the stated bifurcating characteristic. It requires the calculation of the synthetic earthquake and angle β. It is confirmed that the 3DOF modal stick is consistent with single‐degree‐of‐freedom modal stick in an elastic state. A two‐way asymmetric three‐story building was analyzed by UMRHA procedure incorporating the proposed 3DOF modal sticks. The analytical results are compared with those obtained from nonlinear response history analysis. It is shown that the 3DOF modal sticks are more rational and effective in dealing with the assessment of two‐way asymmetric building systems under two‐directional seismic ground motions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrogenetic significance of high Fe/Mn ratios of the Cenozoic basalts from eastern China

The Cenozoic basalts from eastern China show commonly high Fe/Mn ratios (average = 68.6 ± 11.5) coupled with OIB-type trace element signature. The Cenozoic basalts form the northern margin and the southern margin of the North China Craton are studied in detail. Model calculations point out that the coupling feature of high Fe/Mn ratio with OIB-type trace element signature of these basalts cannot be produced by neither pyroxene/olivine crystallization nor remelting of previously melted mantle, but require partial melting of a garnet pyroxenite-rich mantle source. Combining these features of the Cenozoic basalts with the Phanerozoic lithospheric evolution of the eastern China, we suggest that the Cenozoic basalts were derived from a garnet pyroxenite-rich mantle source associated with continental crust delamination or oceanic crust subduction.