Governance and technology transfer in the Clean Development Mechanism in India

Despite significant technological advances in emerging economies, the further development of clean energy technologies in developing countries remains crucial to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic development. In this paper we address two significant gaps in the growing body of literature that has assessed the role of the Clean Development Mechanism in promoting the transfer of clean technologies to developing countries. First, we present a qualitative analysis of the governance of the Clean Development Mechanism in India. This provides a basis for understanding the extent to which and the ways in which governance may impact upon the likelihood that projects promote technology transfer. Second, we provide a novel quantification of the level and nature of technology transfer that has occurred in Indian Clean Development Mechanism projects, based on insights from literature on technological capability building. We find that the Clean Development Mechanism in India has produced a negligible number of projects that promote technology transfer if technology transfer is understood as a process of learning about technology. Together these qualitative and quantitative analyses show how politics and governance have contributed to the current form of the Clean Development Mechanism market in India, in which processes of building indigenous technological capabilities have been neglected.     

利用位场及其高阶导数的功率谱计算岩层的深度与厚度

本文导出了利用重力与磁异常及其高阶导数的功率谱计算密度体和磁性体上顶与下底埋深的近似公式,还提供了利用垂向或水平导数谱计算深度的方法。理论模型的试验结果表明,由近似公式计算的精度可以满足实际需要。本文最后根据一条重力剖面资料,计算了密度层上、下界面。     

Global spectra of energy and enstrophy and their fluxes during July 1979

Transient and stationary spectra of kinetic energy (KE), available potential energy (APE) and enstrophy (EN), and their spectral fluxes as a function of the two-dimensional wavenumbern were computed for July 1979. Triangular truncation at zonal wavenumber 42 was used for computation. The slopes of various spectra in the wavenumber range 14≤n≤25 were obtained by fitting a straight line in log-log scale by the least square method. The transientKE, APE andEN spectra in the lower (upper) troposphere had slopes −2·21 (−2·30), −2·65 (−2·64) and −0·36 (−0·46), respectively. The effect of stationary and divergent motion on the slope values was investigated. The possible correlation between the slope and percentage of transient component in the combined energy and enstrophy was examined to identify the transient motion of the atmosphere with the two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The vertically averaged slope of kinetic energy and enstrophy in the lower (upper) troposphere was close to the value at 700 (200) hPa level. The spectral fluxes of kinetic energy and enstrophy in the wavenumber range 14≤n≤25 satisfied, to a very rough approximation, the criteria of inertial subrange. The stationary fluxes were small. The estimated stationary-transient component of flux was larger, comparable and less than the corresponding transient flux of APE, KE and EN. Representative levels for computation of energy and enstrophy spectra and their fluxes in the lower and upper troposphere were identified.     

Simulation of flow over pool-riffle topography: A consideration of the velocity reversal hypothesis

Computer flow simulations using the HEC-2 step-backwater routine are used to demonstrate the effect of systematically varying river channel width, riffle spacing and channel roughness on the shear velocity, section-mean velocity and energy slope in fixed-bed pool-riffle sequences. Initial scaling is obtained by utilizing published information on hydraulic parameters within reaches of the River Severn. Subsequently this restriction is relaxed and the effect of varying parameter combinations within realistic limits is explored. The purpose of this exercise is to isolate those scenarios which may preclude or promote the occurrence of a competence ‘reversal’, such that pools scour at high flow whilst deposition occurs on riffles. It is concluded that rivers in which pools are hydraulically rougher than riffles are likely to demonstrate a competence reversal. For prescribed conditions, the critical discharge at which a reversal occurs is a negative function of riffle spacing and riffle width relative to pool width. Downstream variation in hydraulic roughness also has implications for the phase relationship of shear velocity maxima and minima in relation to the extremes in pool-riffle topography.     

北上热带气旋发展与不发展的对比分析

重点分析了一个北上热带气旋（８５０９号台风）变性发展过程中扰动能和扰动有效有效位能的收支平衡关系及其与中纬地区高空环境场、Ｑ矢量散度、旋度特征和锋生锋消现象的联系，并和与此台风前期路径及强度相似、但进入西风带后很快消失了的８４０６号台风的诊断结是要 进行了对比。结果表明：有利的大尺度环境是台风变性发展的主要因子和先决条件，斜压过程是否能有效和大量地制造扰动动能以抵消台风北上过程中的能量耗散是其能否     

地幔滞弹性对Chandler摆动的影响

基于简正模扰动理论和勒夫数扰动方法,采用Zschau 的地幔流变模型,在假设Chandler摆动的能量全部耗散于地幔滞弹性摩擦的条件下,导出Chandler 摆动Q(Q_w)的理论值.还考虑了滞弹地球的平衡极潮对摆动的影响,所得结果与绝大部分天文实测值非常一致.分析表明.平衡部分的影响大,地幔滞弹性很可能是Chandler 摆动最主要的能量耗散源,Q_w 的理论值约为71.还推算了吸收带模型参数α,研究了该模型的适用性,并讨论了Q_w 与地幔Q(Q_m)的关系.     

石油物探技术的进展

概括地论述了石油物探技术在80年代的新进展.与70年代相比,80年代石油地球物理勘探技术取得了前所未有的成就;同时,也存在不少亟待解决的问题,且难度相当大.这些问题正是90年代所面临的研究课题.     

鲜水河断裂带多断层相互作用的流变断裂力学分析

本文研究了流变介质内多断层的相互影响,通过对鲜水河断裂带的分析,对该断裂带提出一个不共线三断层的断裂力学模型.把介质考虑成流变的,用有限元法结合解析方法求解了流变断裂力学问题的应力、应变及能量场的时空变化.结果表明,多断层的力学场与单一断层的力学场相差甚远,在断层间形成了影响区.在影响区内应力集中,梯度大,分布复杂,应变能在影响区内形成较大范围集中.应变能等值线在孕震期间从影响区向外扩张,能量从外围流向断层区,流动在时空上都是不均匀的,孕育初期增加速率大,后期渐渐平缓.流向影响区的能量比其周围区域大,形成很大梯度.并讨论了地震前兆的某些特征.根据本文的结果,认为在道孚-乾宁-带发生地震的可能性较大.     

高场磁共振成像和波谱学

本文意在通过对磁共振成像和波谱学在各方面的发展及应用现状的评述，提出建议：在中国开展适当的高场磁共振成像和波谱学的研究规划。