Intrinsic properties of carbon stars. II. Spectra,colours, and HR diagram of cool carbon stars

On the basis of the effective temperature scale proposed previously for cool carbon stars (Paper I), other intrinsic properties of them are examined in detail. It is shown that the major spectroscopic properties of cool carbon stars, including those of molecular bands due to polyatomic species (SiC₂, HCN, C₂H₂ etc.), can most consistently be understood on the basis of our new effective temperature scale and the theoretical prediction of chemical equilibrium. Various photometric indices of cool carbon stars also appear to be well correlated with the new effective temperatures. Furthermore, as effective temperatures of some 30 carbon stars are now obtained, the calibration of any photometric index is straightforward, and some examples of such a calibration are given. In general, colour index-effective temperature calibrations for carbon stars are quite different from those for K-M giant stars. It is found that the intrinsic (R —I)₀ colour is nearly the same for N-irregular variables in spite of a considerable spread in effective temperatures, and this fact is used to estimate the interstellar reddening of carbon stars. An observational HR diagram of red giant stars, including carbon stars as well as K-M giant stars, is obtained on the basis of our colour index-effective temperature calibrations and the best estimations of luminosities. It is shown that carbon stars and M giant stars are sharply divided in the HR diagram by a nearly vertical line at aboutT _eff = 3200 K (logT _eff = 3.50) and the carbon stars occupy the upper right region of M giant stars (except for some high luminosity, high temperature J-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds; also Mira variables are not considered). Such an observational HR diagram of red giant stars shows rather a poor agreement with the current stellar evolution models. Especially, a more efficient mixing process in red giant stars, as compared with those ever proposed, is required to explain the formation of carbon stars.     

Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+//Cl-,SO42——H2O六元体系中杂卤石形成条件的再认识

研究海水体系(即Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺∥Cl^-,$SO_{4}^{2-}$-H₂O六元体系)中杂卤石的形成条件不仅有助于理解海相蒸发盐成因,对开发杂卤石钾资源利用技术也具有重要的指导作用。但杂卤石以及其他含有硫酸钙矿物(如二水石膏、半水石膏、无水石膏、钾石膏、多钙钾石膏、钙芒硝和水钙芒硝)的相平衡,无论是在实验研究方面还是在热力学模拟方面都仍然存在很多争议。由于缺乏杂卤石在复杂水溶液体系中可靠的相平衡数据,使人们对认识杂卤石成因和利用杂卤石钾资源带来巨大障碍。本工作对海水体系中杂卤石的形成条件进行了热力学模拟和实验研究。超过一年的长时间固液平衡实验表明25 ℃下Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺∥Cl^-,$SO_{4}^{2-}$-H₂O六元体系中杂卤石的形成区域极为可观,且较前人实验结果均大数倍;同时证实了热力学模型预测结果的可靠性。这些结果为讨论盐矿床中杂卤石的形成条件提供了物理化学依据。25 ℃下可靠的热力学信息表明:杂卤石与其他盐类矿物的共生情况丰富多样,并且与前人看法不同,杂卤石的形成并不需要极高的钾、镁浓度。这给以杂卤石为指示寻找可溶性固体钾盐带来了挑战,但却指示了以杂卤石为线索更容易找到钾、镁盐未饱和的富钾卤水。     

论地质研究中的因果关系和相关关系——大数据研究的启示

我们对大数据两年多来的研究表明,大数据是一个非常有效的方法。一直以来,人们都是通过因果关系来认识世界的;而大数据不是,大数据是从数据出发,挖掘数据之间的相关关系,从而提升数据的价值。例如在矿床学研究中,人们往往过分关注矿床的成因,关注成矿与岩浆、流体与岩体之间的因果关系。实际上,流体与岩体、矿床与岩浆之间主要不是因果关系而是相关关系。早先的玄武岩构造环境判别图几乎都是按照因果关系的思路设计的,虽然取得了一定的效果但并不完美。我们采用大数据方法对全球全体玄武岩和安山岩的数据进行挖掘,取得了极佳的效果,主要依据的是元素之间的相关关系而非因果关系。多少年来,人们在科学研究的实践活动中习惯于对因果关系的追求。现在,科学的发展要求我们更加重视数据之间的相关关系,从对因果关系的追求转变为对相关关系的追求。实践表明,追求因果关系不可避免人为因素的干扰,而大数据方法挖掘数据之间的相关关系,在很大程度上避免了人为因素的干扰,因此,大数据的结果是真实可靠的。     

移动学习模式下测绘专业知识测试系统设计与实现

随着WIFI和智能移动终端的普及,移动学习正在快速地发展。本文主要介绍了智能移动终端上的测绘专业知识测试系统的总体设计和部分实体E-R图,从系统登录与注册模块、个人中心模块、教师编辑试题模块、编辑测试模块、学生自测模块、学生考试模块等方面阐述了测绘专业知识系统的设计与实现,弥补了测绘专业在移动学习应用上的短缺状况。     

基于ArcEngine的输电网地理接线图管理平台

针对传统输电网地理接线图无杆塔实际坐标、无线路走向、无实际地形、无属性数据等问题,本文采用Arc Engine组件式开发技术及空间分析技术,构建一个输电网地理接线图管理平台。该平台利用数据库存储和管理杆塔坐标数据及其他属性数据,整合现有地形数据和影像数据作为地理底图,从而使得该平台不但具备属性查询和空间分析功能,而且能将杆塔位置标记于真实的地理位置中,显示出整个输电网络分布及走向。将该平台运用于雅安市输电网结果表明,与传统输电网地理接线图相比,基于Arc Engine的输电网地理接线图管理平台具有良好的直观性和较好的空间分析能力,提高了电网的运行管理水平。     

A method for delineating a hierarchically networked structure of urban landscape

We developed a new approach combining statistical and graphical methods to build a hierarchically networked structure for understanding spatial characteristics of urban landscapes at multiple scales. Natural breaks optimization algorithm is applied to determine the optimal number of urban land hierarchies and assign discrete patches into ordered sub-groups according to a selected geometric or functional attribute. Patches contained in a sub-group are linked to the patches in the next sub-group according to the spatial relationships between the patch centroids and Voronoi cells. The conceptual foundations and technical details of this approach are elaborated in the case study of building a hierarchically networked structure of urban built-up patches in Beijing. This approach can be applied to quantify landscape patterns of other land uses to facilitate assessments of interconnection between various types of land uses at varied hierarchical levels (spatial scales) and to evaluate ecological service functions of urban built infrastructures.     

粒度分析在川西南部地区须二段沉积相研究中的应用

沉积相研究对于现代油气勘探开发具有重要意义。通过沉积相的研究,建立不同沉积相模式,对深入分析沉积微相对油气的控制关系具有指导作用。文章对川西南部地区上三叠统须家河组须二段砂岩粒度特征进行了系统研究,并针对不同曲线形态、粒度参数特征作了具体分析。同时,参考萨胡粒度判别函数以及CM图解对研究区沉积相进行了判别,表明研究区须家河组须二段主要受牵引流作用,为辫状河三角洲相特征。     

大数据正在引发地球科学领域一场深刻的革命——《地质科学》2017年大数据专题代序

本文针对目前国内大数据研究的现状,着重分析了在地球科学领域大数据研究落后的原因,指出大数据正在引发地球科学领域一场深刻的革命,大数据的关键不在于数据的大,而且在于思维的新;从数据出发,让数据说话,依靠人工智能方法,让机器学习、深度学习、可视分析等大数据技术逐步成为必需。利用大数据方法研究玄武岩构造环境判别图以及中新世岩浆事件的意义所取得的成果即是极佳的研究范例。文中指出,面向未来,大数据对于地球科学界来说,决不是可有可无的,它将创造奇迹。大数据作为第四科学范式的研究领域十分宽广,它将改变地球科学家的思维方式,从逻辑思维方式转变为由数据驱动的关联思维方式,文中呼吁科学界对大数据给予更多的关注和支持。     

单个裂隙中油运移实验及特征分析

利用狭窄平行板裂隙模型来模拟和分析单个裂隙内油运移的过程。实验中采用表面起伏的玻璃板制作平行板裂隙模型,通过改变水中蔗糖的浓度控制两相流体间的密度差,来分析不同密度差和注入速率条件下油的运移过程和特征。观察发现,油在饱含水的狭窄裂隙空间内的运移特征与在孔隙介质中的运移有相似之处:运移的路径只占通道的一部分,都具有不规则的分形特征,也可形成活塞式、指进式和路径式等模式。而这些模式的形成也同样受各种因素的影响。利用孔隙介质中油运移实验结果总结出来的、以Bo数和Ca数为纵横坐标运移相图完全可以用来表征单个裂隙中油的运移模式。     

Liquid moment amplitude assessment in sloshing type problems with smooth particle hydrodynamics

Sloshing moment amplitudes in a rectangular tank for a wide range of rolling frequencies are investigated both experimentally and numerically. In a previous paper, Souto et al. [2004. Simulation of anti-roll tanks and sloshing type problems with smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Ocean Eng. 31 (8–9), 1169–1192] numerical results obtained with a 3-D Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) formulation were presented. These only corresponded to the phase lag between the tank motion and the liquid response moment. This paper is aimed at improving those results by obtaining accurate values for the moment amplitudes. We present the corrections with respect to the aforementioned implementation that focus on the time integration scheme and on the treatment of the boundary conditions. In addition better quality experimental results are presented.