Probabilistic assessment for seismic performance of port structures

Past experience has shown that ports are often susceptible to severe damage during earthquakes. From field damage data of 1995 Kobe earthquake, it is observed that the seismic behavior of port structures shows significant variability. In this study, a 2D numerical model, representing PC1 berth located in Port Island, Kobe and damaged in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, has been developed and used to simulate seismic behavior. It has been found that the uncertainties in the friction angle and the shear modulus of reclaimed soil contribute most to the variability of the residual horizontal displacement (RHD) response of the quay wall of port structures. To investigate the propagation of uncertainties of soil–structure system to the quay wall, a tornado diagram and a first-order second-moment analysis are used. Uncertainty of ground motions has also been investigated. Based on the results, design considerations have been provided.     

XP-2型弦式通用频率计

该仪器是测压振弦式传感器的二次仪表,与振弦式传感器配合使用,已广泛地用于水利、电力、交通等部门建筑物的测量与安全监测,也在围垦工程的海堤施工和安全监测中获得应用。该仪器不仅能用于测量与安全监测,也能对各种型号的振弦式传感器进行调试标定,还能对直读式弦式频率计进行计量校验。     

相图在透闪石和透辉石锦砖配方设计中的应用

文章指出了陶瓷生产中应用相图的要点和设计配方时应注意的问题,并着重从CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2四元系统相图和K2O-Al2O3-SiO2三元系统相图讨论了透闪石和透辉石用于陶瓷锦砖生产中之新体系配方设计的思路。认为纯粹用这两种原料为助熔剂生产锦砖节能效益不十分明显。在传统的锦砖配方中加入适当的透闪石或透辉石可明显地降低产品的烧成温度,但会使坯体的烧成范围变窄。文章强调具有实际意义的配方是具有相当宽烧成范围的低温配方。     

Graphical representation of particle shape using triangular diagrams: an Excel spreadsheet method

Analysis of the shape of sedimentary particles can provide information about their transport history and aid facies differentiation and the characterization of depositional environments. Triangular (Sneed and Folk) diagrams, employing ratios of the three orthogonal particle axes, have been advocated as the most appropriate method for unbiased presentation of primary particle shape data. A spreadsheet method for the production of these diagrams is described. Clast data‐sets from a range of environments are presented using this method. An alternative use of the spreadsheet for the presentation of sedimentary fabric shape is suggested. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全数字摄影测量系统与MicroStation联机测图

论述了全数字摄影测量系统(DPS)与MicroStation联机测图的方法,以及与此相关的层控对应表的制作.以实际生产作业为例,有效地提高了工作效率,降低内耗,减少了作业中间数据的相互转换,避免了有效数据的丢失,很好地保证了产品的质量.     

ECMWF、日本高分辨率模式降水预报能力的对比分析

利用2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日ECMWF、日本高分辨率模式降水预报资料,全国2419个台站逐6 h降水量观测、CMORPH(NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method)卫星与全国3万余个自动站逐小时降水融合资料,基于列联表预报评分、泰勒图等统计方法,客观对比分析ECMWF、日本高分辨率模式对中国逐6、12和24 h分段降水的预报能力,主要结论如下:(1)整体来说,ECMWF对降水的预报优于日本模式,日本模式预报离散度偏大,而ECMWF预报相对平稳,与观测更加一致;(2)两个模式晴雨预报中降水发生频率较实际偏高,暴雨预报频率较实际偏低,随着分段间隔的增加,这一情况有所改善;(3)ECMWF模式6 h分段降水晴雨预报评分低于日本模式,暴雨预报评分整体高于日本模式,12和24 h分段ECMWF模式晴雨、暴雨预报评分一致高于日本模式;(4)通过调整阈值改变预报偏差能够在一定程度上提高预报技巧;(5)就空间分布来看,模式在东南地区Bias、CSI技巧评分整体优于西北地区。     

A COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF TWO CENTENNIAL-SCALE SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE DATASETS IN THE CHINA SEAS AND THEIR ADJACENT SEA AREAS

Two reconstructed sea surface temperature(SST) datasets(HadISST1 and COBE SST2) with centennial-scale are compared on the SST climate change over the China Seas and their adjacent sea areas. Two independent datasets show consistency in statistically significant trends, with a warming trend of 0.07—0.08 ℃ per decade from 1890 to2013. However, in shorter epochs(such as 1961—2013 and 1981—2013), HadISST1 exhibits stronger warming rates than those of COBE SST2. Both datasets experienced a sudden decrease in the global hiatus period(1998—2013), but the cooling rate of HadISST1 is lower than that of COBE SST2. These differences are possibly caused by the different observations sources which are incorporated to fill with data-sparse regions since 1982. Different data sources may lead to higher values in HadISST1 from 1981 to 2013 than that in COBE SST2. Meanwhile, the different data sources and bias adjustment before the World War II may also cause the large divergence between COBE SST2 and HadISST1,leading to lower SST from 1891 to 1930. These findings illustrate that the long-term linear trends are broadly similar in the centennial-scale in the China Seas using different datasets. However, there are large uncertainties in the estimate of warming or cooling tendency in the shorter epochs, because there are different data sources, different bias adjustment and interpolation method in different datasets.     

褶皱相关断裂构造形成条件与发育机制:燕山中部露头尺度变形研究为例

总结了褶皱相关断裂发育机制的3个构造几何学模型:同心圆褶皱模型、膝折带褶皱模型和弯流褶皱模型。基于燕山中部中、新元古界地层中发育的5个露头尺度褶皱及其中、小型断裂构造的实例剖析,探讨了收缩变形过程中褶皱与断裂构造发育时序与褶皱相关断裂构造的产生机制。研究指出,规模与所在褶皱构造相当或略小的断裂构造当中,既有形成时间早于褶皱变形的断层,也有在褶皱变形过程中调节褶皱不同部位应变差异的褶皱相关断裂构造,而且卷入后期变形的早期断裂可能成为制约褶皱成核位置的影响因素,以及成为枢纽叠覆楔构造的形成方式之一。断层位移-距离曲线特征和断层与褶皱变形几何学、运动学关系分析,可用来判断断层、褶皱变形发生相对时序。认为影响褶皱相关断裂构造发育的机制主要有3种:(1)纵弯滑褶皱作用中,翼部顺层滑动受到限制而无法持续时,将通过断层向上切层的方式予以调节,从而形成翼部或转折端揳入逆冲断裂以及背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲断层;(2)各种因素导致的褶皱曲率变化是褶皱相关断裂产生的重要机制之一,褶皱曲率变化可由褶皱轴面的合并和新生直观反映,轴面合并引起褶皱曲率变化的层位,可能是诱发褶皱相关断裂,如背离向斜和指向背斜逆冲构造开始产生的重要部位;(3)能干性差异和强硬层之间距离较大的岩层组合发生纵弯褶皱变形时,软弱岩系在褶皱核部的聚集和逃逸,是迫使递进收缩的强硬层产生褶皱相关断裂构造的重要机制。     

鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆盆地沉积物物源分析及其构造意义

前陆盆地充填沉积物中岩屑的分散形式和砂岩成分研究对确定物源区的逆冲事件、构造背景和与沉积物对应的物源层十分有效。通过对鄂尔多斯西南缘安口地区上三叠统沉积剖面系统采样测定发现，沉积物物源为一套变质碎屑岩和变质火山岩，为东祁连褶皱逆冲带中的陈家河组（Ｏ３ｃｈ）和葫芦河组（Ｚ－Ｏ２ｈｌ）。而西南缘千阳县上侏罗统砾岩物源为陇山群（Ｐｔ２ｌｎ）。上三叠统地层的物源分散形式为混合型，而上三叠统和上侏罗统两套地层统一的分散型式为倒序型，它是两期逆冲活动的沉积响应。根据鄂尔多斯西南缘安口地区上三叠统沉积物的ＱｍＦＬｔ端元成分作砂岩三角投影图，确定晚三叠世鄂尔多斯西南缘盆地性质为发育于碰撞造山带之前陆的前陆盆地。其物源为再旋回活动的褶皱逆冲断块     

关于岩石微量元素构造环境判别图解使用的有关问题

针对目前应用愈来愈广泛的不同岩石,特别是岩浆岩的微量元素构造环境判别图解使用过程中存在的问题,从这些判别图解建立的原理,介绍了微量元素构造环境判别图解的使用原则。强调指出所采集的样品必须新鲜(无蚀变或极弱蚀变)、非堆晶的岩石;选择的判别图解必须与判别的岩石类型相一致,即对花岗岩类要用花岗岩的判别图解,不能用玄武岩的判别图解;对特殊类型岩石要选择专门用于该类型岩石的判别图解,如碱性花岗岩,钾质火成岩;要应用多种图解综合判断;不能用单个样品,而应作多个样品分析;要注意所选择判别图解的特别说明等。此外,一些构造环境判别图解还能给出岩石的成岩过程和源区。