论西安市地下热水资源的开发与管理

本文简要论述了西安地下热水资源概况水化学特征和地下热水资源的开发利用现状,探讨了在今后开发与管理工作中需要进一步认识和思考的问题。据此提出西安市地下热水资源的开发与管理需进一步深化,这种深化应建立在科学研究基础之上的观点。希望对可贵的地下热水资源的开发利用更为科学、有序、合理,节约资源,实施可持续发展。     

Coupling land use allocation models with raster GIS

As geographic information systems (GIS) have moved from information storage and retrieval operations towards more decision support functions, there is a need for more integration of spatial analytical modules that can assist in locational decisions. This paper presents a methodology for coupling land use allocation models with a raster GIS. For raster systems, the integration of any decision module has been limited by the size of raster datasets that may contain hundreds of thousands of pixels. Therefore, decision heuristics have been used rather than exact methods such as mathematical programming models. For the problem of land use allocation, the special structure of the generalized assignment problem is used here to handle large scale datasets. The advantage of the mathematical programming approach is the additional information associated with the dual variables and opportunity costs that can be used in subsequent sensitivity analyses. Received: 7 April 1998/Accepted: 2 October 1998     

遥感与水问题

介绍了10 年来遥感技术在水资源领域的应用成果,特别是在洪涝灾害监测、水资源与水环境调查、旱情监测、土壤侵蚀调查、河口、河道、湖泊和水库泥沙淤积调查及大型工程选址和环境效益评估等领域的主要成就,并对未来遥感技术在相关领域的应用与开发提出了建议。     

Three‐term inversion of prestack seismic data using a weighted l2, 1 mixed norm

We present a new inversion method to estimate, from prestack seismic data, blocky P‐ and S‐wave velocity and density images and the associated sparse reflectivity levels. The method uses the three‐term Aki and Richards approximation to linearise the seismic inversion problem. To this end, we adopt a weighted mixed l_{2, 1}‐norm that promotes structured forms of sparsity, thus leading to blocky solutions in time. In addition, our algorithm incorporates a covariance or scale matrix to simultaneously constrain P‐ and S‐wave velocities and density. This a priori information is obtained by nearby well‐log data. We also include a term containing a low‐frequency background model. The l_{2, 1} mixed norm leads to a convex objective function that can be minimised using proximal algorithms. In particular, we use the fast iterative shrinkage‐thresholding algorithm. A key advantage of this algorithm is that it only requires matrix–vector multiplications and no direct matrix inversion. The latter makes our algorithm numerically stable, easy to apply, and economical in terms of computational cost. Tests on synthetic and field data show that the proposed method, contrarily to conventional l₂‐ or l₁‐norm regularised solutions, is able to provide consistent blocky and/or sparse estimators of P‐ and S‐wave velocities and density from a noisy and limited number of observations.     

微分求积法在结构动力分析中的应用

微分求积法（DQM）是1种求解微分方程初（边）值问题的数值方法,通常以较小的计算工作量即可获得较高的数值精度。这种方法应用于工程领域时多用来解决梁、板等结构的静力分析或结构特征值分析等问题,即对边值问题的微分方程的求解。结构动力分析属于初值问题,荷载和结构反应都具有特殊性,直接套用DQM求解边值问题并不能获得问题的解。本文尝试利用微分求积原理建立求解结构动力反应的具体方法。借鉴单元法的思想,将荷载持时划分为若干个时步,在每个时步内对动态荷载和结构反应进行离散,然后用DQM对时步逐个进行求解,得到体系在整个时域内的反应过程。通过对3种不同自振周期的线弹性单自由度体系在不同频率简谐激励下反应的计算,阐释了本文方法的可行性以及高精度、高效率的特点,通过数值试验确定了时步内相对较优的节点数,并为时步长度的选取提供了建议。     

GPS广播星历参数拟合算法及其分析

利用地面观测资料定轨确定的卫星位置、进而计算出的卫星广播星历参数是进行卫星定位的基础。为了分析卫星星历拟合的精度和效率,推导了由卫星位置拟合GPS卫星广播星历参数的数学模型。并用算例分析了影响拟合效率的因素,分析了卫星位置有误差是对于卫星星历参数的影响。结果验证了所给出的算法的可行性和有效性。     

预处理共轭梯度法解病态问题及在GPS中的应用

介绍测量数据处理中病态问题的岭估计思想及确定岭参数的方法。引入预处理共轭梯度法求解病态法方程组,说明算法的基本原理和它能有效减弱病态性的原因。用一个GPS差分动态定位的实例,通过与不同岭估计方法的对比分析,验证该方法是一个有效的数值迭代算法。     

线性不等式约束平差模型的一种解算方法

不等式约束是实际测量中存在的一种约束,本文利用整标集法求解附线性不等式约束平差模型。首先了介绍带有不等式约束平差的最小二乘问题转化成凸二次规划问题,然后在Kuhn-Tucker条件下把二次规划问题转换成线性互补问题的基础上,利用整标集法来求出参数的最佳估值,最后通过一个数值算例来说明了该方法的可行性。     

一维连续导电剖面的反演问题

基于Schlumberger装置测得的视电阻率,在Coen理论的基础上对一维连续直流导电剖面的反演问题进行研究。分别给出了导电剖面是常函数、线性函数、幂函数、指数函数、分段函数情况下的精确数据和噪音数据反演结果。利用一个野外场地反演的例子,把利用该方法进行反演得到的连续模型和Inman得到的层状模型进行了相应的比较,发现该方法在处理实际场地数据也是有效的。