城乡交错带人地系统的特征及其演变机制分析

城乡交错带位于城市与乡村交互作用的地带,是我国２１世纪人地关系最为紧张的地区。从区域的角度,揭示城乡交错带人地关系地域关系的特征,分析其动态演变机制,对该地区合理开发利用资源,协调人地矛盾,实现社会经济的可持续发展具有指导意义。     

动力学相似材料配比试验研究

地质力学模型试验是一种形象、直观的岩体物理力学性质研究方法, 被广泛地应用于国内外岩土工程界。在地质力学模型试验中, 如何快速、准确地选择材料的配比是成功模拟原型的关键。随着动力学模型在地质力学模型试验中的应用越来越广泛, 对相似材料配比的研究也应从静力学方法向动力学方法转变。相似材料由骨料与胶结物混合而成, 两者的含量变化是影响相似材料性质的重要参数。本文选择以河砂为骨料, 石膏和水泥为胶结物, 采用弹性波速测量和单轴抗压试验的方法, 研究了不同配比条件下材料的物理、力学性质的变化规律。实验结果表明:单独以水泥或石膏作为胶结物时, 在骨料与胶结物总量不变的情况下, 试件的质量及动、静弹性模量随砂胶比的增大呈先增大后减小的变化; 以水泥和石膏混合作为胶结物时, 在砂胶比与胶结物总量不变的情况, 试件的动、静弹性模量随石膏和水泥用量比的增加呈先减小后增大的变化。     

磨刀门水道枯季水动力特性分析

根据2009年12月1025日磨刀门水道上至竹银下至口门近半月的同步实测水文资料,对该水道在大、中、小潮下表、中、底层的水动力特性进行了分析和探讨。结果显示,枯季磨刀门水道总体涨、落潮流速都不大,即使大潮时该水道总体表层涨落潮平均流速分别仅为0.5m/s和0.76m/s;水动力特性一般呈现:表层落潮流速显著大于涨潮流速,底层涨、落潮流速相差不大的规律;表底层涨落潮流速一般呈现随潮型增大而增大的趋势;表层涨潮历时小于落潮历时,底层涨潮历时大于落潮历时;实测结果显示,包括口门及上游河道范围内的表、底层流速出现相反的现象,时段一般出现在经过第一个长时间的落潮流之后的第二个较短落潮时间段内,且沿水深方向的转流点更为靠近表层。     

Land use classification from multitemporal Landsat imagery using the Yearly Land Cover Dynamics (YLCD) method

Several previous studies have shown that the inclusion of the LST (Land Surface Temperature) parameter to a NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) based classification procedure is beneficial to classification accuracy. In this work, the Yearly Land Cover Dynamics (YLCD) approach, which is based on annual behavior of LST and NDVI, has been used to classify an agricultural area into crop types. To this end, a time series of Landsat-5 images for year 2009 of the Barrax (Spain) area has been processed: georeferenciation, destriping and atmospheric correction have been carried out to estimate NDVI and LST time series for year 2009, from which YLCD parameters were estimated. Then, a maximum likelihood classification was carried out on these parameters based on a training dataset obtained from a crop census. This classification has an accuracy of 87% (kappa = 0.85) when crops are subdivided in irrigated and non-irrigated fields, and when cereal crops are aggregated in a single crop, and performs better than a similar classification from Landsat bands only. These results show that a good crop differentiation can be obtained although detailed crop separation may be difficult between similar crops (barley, wheat and oat) due to similar annual NDVI and LST behavior. Therefore, the YLCD approach is suited for vegetation classification at local scale. As regards the assessment of the YLCD approach for classification at regional and global scale, it will be carried out in a further study.     

陆地系统动力学研究的现状与动向

本文指出动力学已经发展到ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ阶段。陆地系统动力学将成为地理学尖端。当前陆地系统研究的重点为流域系统、城市与区域系统和气候－生物圈的相互作用。提出我国当前应抓陆地系统开发的资源环境稳定性，环境需求动力学分析、陆地系统一般动力学及其在全球系统中功能，以及计算地理学。针对陆地系统的巨性，指出对它的研究不仅需要物理主义的科学观，而且需要历史主义的科学观，在系统分析方面，不能囿于系统的物理完整性     

热带大气季节内振荡研究进展——观测、动力机制和数值模拟

热带大气季节内振荡（MJO）是热带大气活动的强信号。对MJO动力机制的探讨,经历了由考虑完全的大气内部过程（波动－CISK理论）,到考虑海洋影响的大气过程（WISHE理论）,到最新的考虑大气－海洋耦合作用（WCMC模式）的逐步发展、完善的阶段。现阶段大气模式能够模拟MJO的一些基本特征但存在许多缺陷。在大气模式中引入上层海洋的反馈作用,可以有效改善模拟MJO的时空结构。MJO的强度变化、季节特征、传播速度等的精确描述只能借助于海气耦合模式。     

Research Progress in Cenozoic N-S Striking Rifts in Tibetan Plateau

The formation of the Cenozoic N-S striking rifts in the Tibetan Plateau is the consequence of continuous contraction after the India-Asia collision. Its formation and evolution are of great significance for understanding the growth of the Tibetan Plateau. In recent years, geochronology, structural geology, geochemistry and geophysical exploration have been used to study the onset timing, mechanism and evolution process of the N-S striking rifts, and the N-S striking rifts are related to the deep dynamics in Tibet. However, it is still difficult to reach a consensus on the understanding of the N-S striking rifts in the Tibetan Plateau. This paper summarized the research status and existing problems on the onset timing, mechanism and their relationship with the deep layer of the plateau: the main extension period of the N-S striking rifts is Miocene; mechanisms controlling its formation are complex and may be various in different periods; the N-S striking rifts have a close genetic relationship with potassium and ultrapotassic rocks in the plateau, and their distribution may be affected by high-conductivity and low-velocity bodies. Based on existing knowledge, more precise geochronological constraints, deep process detection, and numerical modeling will be the future development trends in the study of N-S striking rifts.     

Corona-like atmospheric escape from KBOs: II. The behavior of aerosols

In Levi and Podolak (Levi, A., Podolak, M. [in press] Icarus) we applied the theory of coronal expansion to gas escape from a small, cold, object such as those found in the Kuiper belt. Here we extend the theory to include aerosols that are lifted off the surface by the escaping gas. Aerosols carried by the gas but still gravitationally bound, tend to be lifted to a height above the surface that is dependent on the aerosol radius, so that in steady state the variation of aerosol radius with height is well-defined. We develop an extension of Parker’s coronal flow theory to include the effect of aerosols carried along by the gas and use this to estimate the optical depth of such an atmosphere. For KBOs with CO evaporation from the surface and with radii in the range 245-334 km, line-of-site optical depths through the atmosphere can exceed one at heights of a few hundred kilometers above the surface. Such aerosol layers should be observable, and might be used to infer the flow proprieties of the escaping gas.