黑鳞云母花岗质岩浆的结晶分异及钠长花岗质岩浆的形成

以含F、过铝质、K_2O>Na_2O为特征的浅色黑鳞云母花岗岩为初始物,在P=150MPa,T=850～650℃和H_2O不饱和条件下进行熔化-结晶分异实验,结果表明:首先晶出的是石英和富钾碱性长石;随结晶温度下降和结晶相含量的增加,残余熔体中挥发份F及Na_2O、Al_2O_3含量逐渐增加,SiO_2、K_2O、CaO含量减少,显示含F浅色花岗质熔体具有向贫硅富钠的富氟钠长花岗质熔体组成演化的趋势;700℃开始,残余熔体具有天然富氟钠长花岗岩的组成特征:富Na_2O(Na_2O>K_2O)、Al_2O_3(>16％)和F(>1.5％)。上述残余熔体组成的演化特征与自然界从含氟黑鳞云母花岗岩到富氟钠长花岗岩的组成变化规律是一致的,充分证明了在本文的实验条件下,含氟黑鳞云母花岗岩能够经结晶分异演化出富氟钠长花岗岩熔体。     

旋转扰动流体中壁面湍流不稳定及其拟序结构研究Ⅰ:实验

重点介绍和讨论了中性条件下旋转扰动流体中边界层强迫不稳定及其相关的一些问题,阐述了旋转体系中切变驱动边界层不稳定的动力学特征.这些不稳定状态的研究在大气物理学、流体动力学、海洋学等多个领域中引起科学家极大的兴趣,近年来在实验和理论研究中都得到了不断的发展.意大利都灵大学基础物理系地球科学实验组通过水槽旋转实验方法,不断改变水槽启动或结束时的旋转运动速度,以及底部壁面粗糙度等要素,所得到的实验结果与SDBL理论非常一致.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

Influence of yaw-roll coupling on the behavior of a FPSO: An experimental and numerical investigation

An inconvenience in the experimental set-up of a FPSO in regular waves highlighted occurrence of parametric-roll events promoted by yaw-roll coupling and motivated a combined physical and numerical analysis on the relevance of this phenomenon on the roll resonance, as well as on the water shipping. The model tests examine the ship in head- and bow-sea waves in the zone of the first parametric resonance. Numerically, it is adopted a 3D Domain-Decomposition (DD) strategy combining a weakly-nonlinear potential-flow solver based on the weak-scatterer theory with a shallow-water approximation for the shipped liquid and with a bottom-slamming solution. Detailed comparisons against these and other seakeeping experiments validated the numerical method in its different aspects with global success.At first, a 2-dof equivalent linearized yaw-roll coupled system is examined and the measurements are used to estimate hydrodynamic coefficients required to complete the mathematical model of the problem. Then the DD method is applied to verify the instability occurrence and compared against the experiments. From the analysis, the parametric-roll instability does not occur if all nonlinearities in the roll restoring load are not accounted for. However the amplitude of the resonant roll is affected by the coupling with the other degrees of freedom. Especially the coupling with yaw tends to increase the steady-state roll amplitude. It also affects the water shipping with the trend in reducing its severity for the vessel, this is opposite to the influence of the parametric roll in head-sea waves on the water on deck, as documented in Greco et al. (2014) [4].     

Distinguishing Propagation vs. Launch Physics of Astrophysical Jets and the Role of Experiments

The absence of other viable momentum sources for collimated flows leads to the likelihood that magnetic fields play a fundamental role in jet launch and/or collimation in astrophysical jets. To best understand the physics of jets, it is useful to distinguish between the launch region where the jet is accelerated and the larger scales where the jet propagates as a collimated structure. Observations presently resolve jet propagation, but not the launch region. Simulations typically probe the launch and propagation regions separately, but not both together. Here, I IDentify some of the physics of jet launch vs. propagation and what laboratory jet experiments to date have probed. Reproducing an astrophysical jet in the lab is unrealistic, so maximizing the benefit of the experiments requires clarifying the astrophysical connection.     

阿勒泰山脉对新疆北部地区强暴雪过程影响的数值模拟研究

本文利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.1对2010年1月6-8日新疆阿勒泰地区的强暴雪过程进行了敏感性数值模拟实验,来研究阿勒泰山脉地形对此次暴雪的影响。结果表明,阿勒泰地形对此次暴雪过程的形成和发展有明显的作用：（1）削减阿勒泰地区地形20%后,在阿勒泰山脉以西会导致降水减少,而在其以东则会导致降水增加;（2）对流层低层垂直速度的分布显示,在此次暴雪过程中,阿勒泰地区存在由于山脉地形引起的地形波,削减地形后会导致山脉地形波的强度减弱;（3）削减阿勒泰地区的地形后,在对流层低层700hPa,会出现气旋式环流增强的特征,而涡度场的表现则比较凌乱,同时也会对水汽场及云微物理量场产生影响。     

Increasing underwater vehicle autonomy by reducing energy consumption

In this paper, we concern ourselves with finding a control strategy that minimizes energy consumption along a trajectory connecting two given configurations. We develop an algorithm, based on our previous work with the time optimal problem, which provides implementable control strategies that are energy efficient. We find an interesting correlation between the duration of these trajectories and the optimal duration. We present the algorithm, control strategy and experimental results from our test-bed vehicle.     

Fractionation vs. magma mixing in the Wangrah Suite A-type granites, Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia: Experimental constraints

The Wangrah Suite granites (Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia) reflect different stages of differentiation in the magmatic history of an A-type plutonic suite. In this study we use experimentally determined phase equilibria of four natural A-type granitic compositions of the Wangrah Suite to constrain phases and phase compositions involved in fractionation processes. Each composition represents a distinct granite intrusion in the Wangrah Suite. The intrusions are the Danswell Creek (DCG), Wangrah (WG), Eastwood (EG) and Dunskeig Granite (DG), ordered from “most mafic” to “most felsic” by increasing SiO₂ and decreasing FeO_total.

Experimental investigation show that the initial water content in melts from DCG is between 2–3 wt. % H₂O. If the DCG is viewed as the parental magma for the Wangrah Suite, then (1) fractionation of magnetite, orthopyroxene and plagioclase ( 20 wt. %) of the DCG composition, leads to compositions similar to that of the EG; (2) further fractionation of plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar and biotite ( 40 wt. %) from the EG composition, leads to the DG composition. These fractionation steps can occur nearly isobarically and are confirmed by bulk rock Ba, Sr, Rb and Zr concentrations.

In contrast, the generation of the most abundant WG composition cannot be explained by fractional crystallisation from the DCG at isobaric conditions because of the high K₂O content of this granite. Magma Mixing could be the process to explain the chemical distinctiveness of the Wangrah Granite from all the other granites of the Wangrah Suite.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED SCOUR IN A 90°CHANNEL BEND

The special feature of bend flow leads to scouring of the bed and bank. Various parameters like flow depth, flow velocity or discharge, geometry of bend and characteristics of bed material may affect the scour process. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of some important parameters on bend scour under clear water condition. Experiments were conducted in a 0.6m wide and 0.7m high flume with 90 degree bend. The lateral variations of bed slope were studied. The maximum depth of scour was correlated to densimetric Froude number, relative bend radius and relative depth of flow.