黄河三角洲草场气候生产力与草业开发

分析了黄河三角洲地区主要栽培草种的气候生态适应性以及牧草生长季气候条件的优劣势。计算得出该区天然草场和人工草场的气候生产力、气候增产潜力，研究其时空分布规律，提出草场改良措施。结果表明：天然草场年气候生产力为９２１０—１１８２０ｋｇ／ｈａ。增产潜力为４５００—１０５００ｋｇ／ｈａ；种植紫花苜蓿的人工草场年气候生产力为２３７７５—２８０８０ｋｇ／ｈａ，增产潜力为６０００—１９５００ｋｇ／ｈａ。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘神木地区浅湖三角洲沉积作用及煤聚集

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘延安组含有大量的优质煤,属稳定大地构造条件下的浅湖三角州沉积物。三角洲体系有以下单元组成:(1)前三角洲;(2)三角洲前缘(水下分流河道相和河口坝相);(3)三角洲平原(分流河道相,天然堤、决口扇、沼泽和具决口三角洲的分流间湾);(4)废弃三角洲平原.通过详细的露头观察和岩心研究及沉积岩的地质填图工作,浅湖三角洲特征可归纳如下:(1)推进速度非常快、舌形体长而窄,间湾在其间发育,决口事件频繁发生;(2)前三角洲非常薄(0.2～0.5m),三角洲剖面几乎绝大部分由三角洲前缘和三角洲平原构成;(3)河口坝相由砂岩和泥岩互层组成;(4)水下分流河道砂岩厚度在0.5～3.5m范围内,被河口坝沉积物围绕;(5)在废弃三角洲平原中,由于极少沉积物带入沼泽,因此沉积了厚的低灰煤层。     

Evolution of the modern Nile delta promontories: development of accretional features during shoreline retreat

The active accretional features that have developed along the modern Nile Delta promontories during shoreline retreat are analysed using topographic maps, remote imagery, ground and hydrographic surveys, together providing 15 time-slice maps (1922–2000) at Rosetta and 14 time-slice maps (1909–2000) at Damietta. Small double sandy spits developed and persisted at Rosetta between 1986 and 1991. At Damietta, a much larger single spit, 9 km long, formed approximately east of the mouth of the Damietta Nile branch between 1955 and 1972, although its source has now been depleted. Both the Rosetta and Damietta inlets are associated with submerged mouth bars that accumulated prior to the damming of the Nile, but that continue to contribute to local sedimentation problems, particularly at Rosetta. The development of the active accretional features along the Nile promontories reflects a combination of factors including sediment availability, transport pathways from source areas, a decrease in the magnitude of Nile flood discharges, as well as the impact of protective structures at the river mouths.     

Tidal flow asymmetry in the diurnal regime: bed-load transport and morphologic changes around the Red River Delta

The relation between tidal flow asymmetry and net transport of sediment in the semidiurnal regime has been extensively described. This study reveals that in the diurnal regime, the direction of long-term net bed-load transport and resulting morphologic changes is partly determined by the phase-angle relationship of O₁, K₁, and M₂. Simple analytical formulations of time-averaged bed-load transport were derived which separate the relative contributions of tidal asymmetry from that of residual flow with tidal stirring. In this particular case, the Red River Delta in Vietnam, transports related to tidal asymmetry are larger than those induced by the monsoon currents, and are an order of magnitude larger than those associated with topographic residual flow around the delta. Tide-induced morphologic changes dominate at water depths between 10 and 25 m, of which the patterns of erosion and deposition overlap with observed bathymetric changes. Additional observed changes that occur in more shallow water cannot be explained by tidal asymmetry and are probably related to wave action and to deposition from the buoyant river plume.Responsible Editor: Jens Kappenberg     

Tectonic controls on spatio-temporal development of depositional systems and generation of fining-upward basin fills in a strike-slip setting: Kyokpori Formation (Cretaceous), south-west Korea

Abstract The Kyokpori Formation (Cretaceous), south‐west Korea, represents a small‐scale lacustrine strike‐slip basin and consists of an ≈ 290 m thick siliciclastic succession with abundant volcaniclasts. The succession can be organized into eight facies associations representing distinctive depositional environments: (I) subaqueous talus; (II) delta plain; (III) steep‐gradient large‐scale delta slope; (IV) base of delta slope to prodelta; (V) small‐scale nested Gilbert‐type delta; (VI) small‐scale delta‐lobe system; (VII) subaqueous fan; and (VIII) basin plain. Facies associations I, III and IV together constitute a large‐scale steep‐sloped delta system. Correlation of the sedimentary succession indicates that the formation comprises two depositional sequences: the lower coarsening‐ to fining‐upward succession (up to 215 m thick) and the upper fining‐upward succession (up to 75 m thick). Based on facies distribution, architecture and correlation of depositional sequences, three stages of basin evolution are reconstructed. Stage 1 is represented by thick coarse‐grained deposits in the lower succession that form subaqueous breccia talus and steep‐sloped gravelly delta systems along the northern and southern basin margins, respectively, and a sandy subaqueous fan system inside the basin, abutting against a basement high. This asymmetric facies distribution suggests a half‐graben structure for the basin, and the thick accumulation of coarse‐grained deposits most likely reflects rapid subsidence of the basin floor during the transtensional opening of the basin. Stage 2 is marked by sandy black shale deposits in the upper part of the lower succession. The black shale is readily correlated across the basin margins, indicating a basinwide transgression probably resulting from large‐scale dip slip suppressing the lateral slip component on basin‐bounding faults. Stage 3 is characterized by gravelly delta‐lobe deposits in the upper succession that are smaller in dimension and located more basinward than the deposits of marginal systems of the lower succession. This lakeward shift of depocentre suggests a loss of accommodation in the basin margins and quiescence of fault movements. This basin evolution model suggests that the rate of dip‐slip displacement on basin‐margin faults can be regarded as the prime control for determining stacking patterns of such basin fills. The resultant basinwide fining‐upward sequences deviate from the coarsening‐upward cycles of other transtensional basins and reveal the variety of stratigraphic architecture in strike‐slip basins controlled by the changes in relative sense and magnitude of fault movements at the basin margins.     

The Shengli I Point Bar on the Yellow River Delta: Three-Dimensional Structures and Their Evolution

Point bars are well developed on the Yellow River delta, among which the Shengli I point bar is the most typical. The point bar, being about 4 km in length and several tens to more than 100 meters in width, is located on the south side of the Shengli Bridge in Kenli County, Dongying, Shandong. It is a typical fine-grained point bar with silt, which is predominant, some clay and minor plant debris and clay boulders. The Shengli I point bar has complicated 3-D structures. Firstly, in a plane view, it comprises mainly eight sedimentary units, bar edge, bar ridge, bar platform, bar plain, bar channel, bar gully, bar pond and bar bay, developing side by side and superimposed one by one in a complex way. Secondly, its vertical structures are very complex due to the partial superimposition of the 8 sedimentary units. Besides hydatogenesis, very intensive wind erosion, eolian, ice and meltwater actions are also visible on the Shengli I point bar. The complex form is made even more complicated because of the abo     

Features of the long-term transformation of the Krasnodar reservoir,near the mouth of the Kuban River,Russia

The article considers the long-term(1941–2018) transformation of the Krasnodar valley reservoir, the largest in the North Caucasus. The main functions of the Krasnodar reservoir are irrigation of rice systems and flood protection of land in the Krasnodar reservoir region and the Republic of Adygea. According to topographic maps, Landsat satellite images(1974–2018) and field observations(2016–2018), four stages of transformation of the floodplain reservoir are identified. The selected stages are characterized by both natural causes(the transformation of the filling deltas into the extended deltas, etc.) and man-made causes(runoff diversions in the delta areas, etc.). The key factor of transformation is the formation of deltas of rivers flowing into the reservoir. Each of the selected stages, against the background of a gradual reduction in the area and volume of the reservoir, is characterized by the peculiarities of the formation of river deltas with the formation of genetically homogeneous sections of delta regions. During the period of operation of the reservoir, the delta of the main Kuban River moved up to 32.4 km and took away an area of 35.4 km~2 of the reservoir. During the formation of the deltas of the Kuban and Belaya rivers, a bridge was formed on the Krasnodar reservoir. The evolution of the delta regions led to the division of the reservoir into two autonomous reservoirs. The total area of the delta regions was 85.9 km~2 by 2018, i.e., 21% of the initial area of the reservoir. The transformation of the Krasnodar reservoir leads to a decrease in its regulated volume and gradual degradation.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部下石盒子组盒8段辫状河三角洲沉积特征

中二叠统下石盒子组盒8段为鄂尔多斯盆地东北部天然气的主产层位,其储集砂体受控于沉积相带的展布。通过对野外露头、岩心及测井曲线等综合分析,笔者认为研究区内主要以发育辫状河三角洲为特征,并对其沉积特征、影响其形成和发育的机理,以及岩相和砂体的展布特征进行深入研究。认为该区盒8段三角洲为辫状河-浅水型湖泊三角洲,在三角洲平原相区储集砂体为分流河道沉积;而在三角洲前缘相区则为水下分流河道沉积,河口坝、席状砂及远砂坝等沉积微相不发育。     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地表层土壤稀土元素分布特征

通过对黄河三角洲北部滨海湿地49个站位表层土壤样的稀土元素(REE)分布特征及其生态效应的研究,笔者认为:研究区表层土壤ΣREE含量为143.14~251.78mg/kg,平均含量为182.98mg/kg;REE分馏程度均低于黄河流域沉积物和长江流域沉积物的REE分馏程度;研究区δEu和δCe与黄河流域和长江流域沉积物亦有一定差异。REE经球粒陨石和北美页岩标准化后显示,研究区表层土壤与现代黄河流域沉积物的REE总体配分曲线相近,但其REE的总体含量均高于黄河流域沉积物中REE的含量,尤其HREE更为明显;不同植被区,表层土壤中ΣREE、LREE平均含量均为芦苇地<光滩<柽柳地<翅碱蓬地,而HREE平均含量为芦苇地<翅碱蓬地<柽柳地<光滩,其分馏程度芦苇地<光滩<柽柳地<翅碱蓬地,δEu和δCe平均值亦相对较低,推测可能在湿地,特别是芦苇地里REE更多地参与了生物地球化学循环。     

鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳地区晚三叠世延长期长8沉积期物源与沉积体系研究*

通过野外露头古流向实测,结合砂岩骨架矿物、重矿物组合特征,利用碎屑岩地球化学方法,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳地区晚三叠世延长期长8沉积期的物源。结果显示,研究区长8沉积期古水流主要为SW→NE方向,次为NW→SE、SE→NW方向;重矿物特征具有明显的分区性。长8油层组的REE配分型式为“右倾型”,δEu值平均0.67;其微量元素协变图特征与盆地西南缘陇西古陆中的陇山群基本一致。推测庆阳地区长8油层组母岩主要来自盆地西南缘陇西古陆中上元古—古生界、祁连造山带花岗岩类和秦岭造山带奥陶系—二叠系,源区母岩主要为变质岩和火成岩。通过野外露头资料,结合最新钻探成果,认为长8沉积期研究区主要为扇三角洲沉积体系,发育扇三角洲前缘亚相和(半)深湖亚相浊积扇,而扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道的砂体带,构成了研究区油气聚集的有利相带。