利用人工重复震源进行地下介质结构及其变化研究的探索和进展???

在自然和人为活动的作用下,地球内部的介质会产生变化。通过分析来自重复地震、背景噪音和重复性人工震源等的地震波,研究地球介质的变化是近年来地震学研究的一个热点方向,这些研究为人类认识地震、火山等灾害的物理过程提供了重要的手段。本文介绍了过去10余年中我们在利用人工震源（尤其是大容量气枪震源）探究地下介质结构及其变化方面的研究进展,以期为今后类似的研究提供参考。本文首先介绍了不同类型震源性能的探索、数据处理方法等方面的研究进展和主要认识,最后也给出了关于下一步人工震源研究方向的思考。     

全球及中国大陆周边强震活动状态研究

本文应用中国地震台网给出的全球大震目录, 结合前人的研究, 分析了1900年以来全球M_S≥8.0巨大地震活动的时间变化与M_S≥7.8大地震的空间迁移特征, 同时还探讨了包含中国大陆西部及其周边的“大三角”地区M_S≥7.8地震的发展态势。 20世纪全球百年的大震活动表现为20世纪前半叶活动强而后半叶活动弱的前高后低的活动特点, 而进入21世纪以来有增强活动显示, 呈现百年左右起伏的长期变化。 在这百年尺度的起伏之中还含有20年左右的韵律变化, 主要显示为地中海—喜马拉雅地震带巨大地震的平静—活跃交替活动特征。 根据大震活动的起伏特征和地中海—喜马拉雅地震带幕式活动特性, 进入21世纪以来, 地中海—喜马拉雅带巨震频繁发生, 显示其地震活动显著增强的高活动态势。 通过计算中国大陆西部及周边地区的不同震级地震的变异系数C_v发现, 7.0级以上强震与7.8级以上大地震活动类型不同; 采用对数正态分布对M_S≥7.8地震活动进程进行拟合分析发现, 到2015年的累积发震概率达0.80, 到2020年的累积发震概率达0.89, 表明与中国大陆关系紧密的“大三角区”已进入大地震活跃时段。     

长沙市“红层”中极软岩石地基承载力的确定

针对长沙市“红层”中极软岩石的物理力学特性以及岩样单轴抗压强度偏低导致评价岩石地基承载力偏低的问题进行分析,提出了用标准贯入和动力触探手段确定岩石地基承载力的可行性,并结合工程实例作了说明。     

一种新型轻量化反射镜结构及其在空间望远镜相关跟踪摆镜上的应用研究

本文提出一种新的反射镜轻量化方案。此方案在结构特征和减重比例上接近蜂窝结构,减重效果比背面开孔的镜子和拱形镜要好得多;同时又可避免蜂窝镜的制造难度。另外,本文还就此方案在空间太阳望远镜(SST)的相关跟踪摆镜上的应用进行探讨,给出了主要结构参数和镜面变形分析结果,其结果表明,此轻量化平面镜能满足SST的使用要求。     

Evolution of massive binary stars in the LMC and its implications for radio pulsar population

The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of the Large Magellanic Cloud compiled recently by Fitzpatrick & Garmany (1990) shows that there are a number of supergiant stars immediately redward of the main sequence although theoretical models of massive stars with normal hydrogen abundance predict that the region 4.5 ≤ logT _eff ≤ 4.3 should be un-populated (“gap”). Supergiants having surface enrichment of helium acquired for example from a previous phase of accretion from a binary companion, however, evolve in a way so that the evolved models and observed data are consistent — an observation first made by Tuchman & Wheeler (1990). We compare the available optical data on OB supergiants with computed evolutionary tracks of massive stars of metallicity relevant to the LMC with and without helium-enriched envelopes and conclude that a large fraction (≈ 60 per cent) of supergiant stars may occur in binaries. As these less evolved binaries will later evolve into massive X-ray binaries, the observed number and orbital period distribution of the latter can constrain the evolutionary scenarios of the supergiant binaries. The distributions of post main sequence binaries and closely related systems like WR + O stars are bimodal-consisting of close and wide binaries in which the latter type is numerically dominating. When the primary star explodes as a supernova leaving behind a neutron star, the system receives a kick and in some cases can lead to runaway O-stars. We calculate the expected space velocity distribution for these systems. After the second supernova explosion, the binaries in most cases, will be disrupted leading to two runaway neutron stars. In between the two explosions, the first born neutron star’s spin evolution will be affected by accretion of mass from the companion star. We determine the steady-state spin and radio luminosity distributions of single pulsars born from the massive stars under some simple assumptions. Due to their great distance, only the brightest radio pulsars may be detected in a flux-limited survey of the LMC. A small but significant number of observable single radio pulsars arising out of the disrupted massive binaries may appear in the short spin period range. Most pulsars will have a low velocity of ejection and therefore may cluster around the OB associations in the LMC.     

On the internal energy source of the large planets

Based on spacecraft observations of the giant planets we call attention to an apparent regular mass-luminosity relation for the large planets (giant planets plus Earth). It can provide important clues and constraints on the question of their energy source, including various relevant theories and their difficulties. We describe in some detail a new thermonuclear reaction mechanism, valid for plasma fusions at both super—high and low temperatures, and including the original thermonuclear mechanism as a particular case. It can explain not only the internal energy souce of the large planets, but also many anomalous fusion phenomena observed in the laboratory and in astronomical bodies. Although these appear in various guises, their basic principle is the same, that is, they can all be understood in terms of the new mechanism.     

RXTE observations of Seyfert 2 galaxies: evidence for spectral variability

We present a series of RXTE observations of the nearby obscured Seyfert galaxies ESO103-G35, IC5063, NGC 4507 and NGC 7172. The period of monitoring ranges from seven days for NGC 7172 up to about seven months for ESO103-G035. The spectra of all galaxies fit well with a highly obscured ( N _H>10²³ cm⁻²) power-law and an Fe line at 6.4 keV. We find strong evidence for the presence of a reflection component in ESO103-G35 and NGC 4507. The observed flux presents strong variability on day time-scales in all objects. Spectral variability is also detected in the sense that the spectrum steepens with increasing flux similar to the behaviour witnessed in some Seyfert 1 galaxies.     

Phase Resolved High Speed Photometry and Spectroscopy of Pulsars

We describe the implementation of two High Time Resolution modes for ESO's new generation CCD controller FIERA. These new modes have been used to perform phase-resolved high speed photometry and spectroscopy of pulsars with the FORS instruments at the VLT.     

利用空间技术求解现时板块运动参数

本文综合利用GPS及VLBI技术，以站心坐标速度为观测量，求解了五个主要板块的绝对和相对板块运动参数，进行了精度分析。并与传统的NUIVEL-1 A地学板块运动模型进行了比较，在一定程度上说明全球板块运动在最近300万年内总体上趋于稳定。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of basalts from the West Siberian Basin: an extension of the Permo–Triassic Siberian Traps, Russia

New major and trace element data for the Permo–Triassic basalts from the West Siberian Basin (WSB) indicate that they are strikingly similar to the Nadezhdinsky suite of the Siberian Trap basalts. The WSB basalts exhibit low Ti/Zr (50) and low high-field-strength element abundances combined with other elemental characteristics (e.g., low Mg#, and negative Nb and Ti anomalies on mantle-normalised plots) typical of fractionated, crustally contaminated continental flood basalts (CFBs). The major and trace element data are consistent with a process of fractional crystallisation coupled with assimilation of incompatible-element-enriched lower crust. Relatively low rates of assimilation to fractional crystallisation (0.2) are required to generate the elemental distribution observed in the WSB basalts. The magmas parental to the basalts may have been derived from source regions similar to primitive mantle (OIB source) or to the Ontong Java Plateau source. Trace element modelling suggests that the majority of the analysed WSB basalts were derived by large degrees of partial melting at pressures less than 3 GPa, and therefore within the garnet-spinel transition zone or the spinel stability field.

It seems unlikely that large-scale melting in the WSB was induced through lithospheric extension alone, and additional heating, probably from a mantle plume, would have been required. We argue that the WSB basalts are chemically and therefore genetically related to the Siberian Traps basalts, especially the Nadezhdinsky suite found at Noril'sk. This suite immediately preceded the main pulse of volcanism that extruded lava over large areas of the Siberian Craton. Magma volume and timing constraints strongly suggest that a mantle plume was involved in the formation of the Earth's largest continental flood basalt province.